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We study the predictability of emergent phenomena in complex systems. Using nearest neighbor, one-dimensional Cellular Automata (CA) as an example, we show how to construct local coarse-grained descriptions of CA in all classes of Wolfram's…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2015-06-26 Navot Israeli , Nigel Goldenfeld

This article surveys some theoretical aspects of Cellular Automata (CAs) research. In particular, we discuss on maximal length CA. An n-cell CA is a maximal length CA, if all the configurations except one form a single cycle. There is a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Sumit Adak , Sukanta Das

We present a new classification of elementary cellular automata. It is based on the structure of the network of states, connected with the transitions between them; the latter are determined by the automaton rule. Recently an algorithm has…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2013-04-23 Malgorzata J. Krawczyk

We study the generic limit sets of one-dimensional cellular automata, which intuitively capture their asymptotic dynamics while discarding transient phenomena. As our main results, we characterize the automata whose generic limit set is a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-08-31 Ilkka Törmä

Cellular Automata (CA) theory is a discrete model that represents the state of each of its cells from a finite set of possible values which evolve in time according to a pre-defined set of transition rules. CA have been applied to a number…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-05-22 Karttikeya Mangalam , K S Venkatesh

This paper investigates reversibility properties of 1-dimensional 3-neighborhood d-state finite cellular automata (CAs) of length n under periodic boundary condition. A tool named reachability tree has been developed from de Bruijn graph…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-09 Kamalika Bhattacharjee , Sukanta Das

Cellular automata (CA) are discrete-time dynamical systems with local update rules on a lattice. Despite their elementary definition, CA support a wide spectrum of macroscopic phenomena central to statistical physics: equilibrium and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-31 Mihir Metkar , Neha Sah , Yichen Zhou

This paper presents a rotation-invariant embedded platform for simulating (neural) cellular automata (NCA) in modular robotic systems. Inspired by previous work on physical NCA, we introduce key innovations that overcome limitations in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Dominik Woiwode , Jakob Marten , Bodo Rosenhahn

For a group $G$ and a finite set $A$, a cellular automaton (CA) is a transformation $\tau : A^G \to A^G$ defined via a finite memory set $S \subseteq G$ and a local map $\mu : A^S \to A$. Although memory sets are not unique, every CA admits…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2024-05-16 Alonso Castillo-Ramirez , Eduardo Veliz-Quintero

We study intrinsic simulations between cellular automata and introduce a new necessary condition for a CA to simulate another one. Although expressed for general CA, this condition is targeted towards surjective CA and especially linear…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-12-09 Vincent Nesme , Guillaume Theyssier

We consider the problem of finding the density of 1's in a configuration obtained by $n$ iterations of a given cellular automaton (CA) rule, starting from disordered initial condition. While this problems is intractable in full generality…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2023-12-18 Henryk Fukś , José Manuel Gómez Soto

We define and study a few properties of a class of random automata networks. While regular finite one-dimensional cellular automata are defined on periodic lattices, these automata networks, called randomized cellular automata, are defined…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2009-11-13 Nino Boccara

A synopsis is offered of the properties of discrete and integer-valued, hence "natural", cellular automata (CA). A particular class comprises the "Hamiltonian CA" with discrete updating rules that resemble Hamilton's equations. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-06 Hans-Thomas Elze

There exists an index theory to classify strictly local quantum cellular automata in one dimension. We consider two classification questions. First, we study to what extent this index theory can be applied in higher dimensions via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-20 M. Freedman , M. B. Hastings

A `right-sided, nearest neighbour cellular automaton' (RNNCA) is a continuous transformation F:A^Z-->A^Z determined by a local rule f:A^{0,1}-->A so that, for any a in A^Z and any z in Z, F(a)_z = f(a_{z},a_{z+1}) . We say that F is…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Marcus Pivato

In mathematics and engineering, control theory is concerned with the analysis of dynamical systems through the application of suitable control inputs. One of the prominent problems in control theory is controllability which concerns the…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2026-04-14 Franco Bagnoli , Sara Dridi , Bassem Sellami , Amira Mouakher , Samira El Yacoubi

Let $X=S^G$ where $G$ is a countable group and $S$ is a finite set. A cellular automaton (CA) is an endomorphism $T : X \to X$ (continuous, commuting with the action of $G$). Shereshevsky (1993) proved that for $G=Z^d$ with $d>1$ no CA can…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Tom Meyerovitch

The notions of universality and completeness are central in the theories of computation and computational complexity. However, proving lower bounds and necessary conditions remains hard in most of the cases. In this article, we introduce…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2010-09-17 Eric Goles Chacc , Pierre-Etienne Meunier , Ivan Rapaport , Guillaume Theyssier

In this work, we investigate the computational aspects of asynchronous cellular automata (ACAs), a modification of cellular automata in which cells update independently, following an asynchronous schedule. We introduce flip automata…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ivan Baburin , Matthew Cook , Florian Grötschla , Andreas Plesner , Roger Wattenhofer

This paper proposes a generalized framework for cellular automata using the language of category theory, extending the classical definition beyond set-theoretic constraints. For an arbitrary category $\mathscr{C}$ with products, we define…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-05 A. Castillo-Ramirez , A. Vazquez-Aceves , A. Zaldivar-Corichi
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