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The open circuit voltage to the state of charge (OCVSOC) characteristic is crucial for battery management systems. Using the OCV-SOC curve, the SOC and the battery capacity can be estimated in real-time. Accurate SOC and capacity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-30 Prarthana Pillai , James Nguyen , Balakumar Balasingam

A voltage-based method is proposed to correct battery pack state of charge (SOC) estimation at the charge-end. Two main characteristics make the charge-end time span a good opportunity to correct SOC estimation: first, it is easy to detect…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-11 Ali Abdollahi , Jianwei Li , Xiaojun Li , Trevor Jones , Asif Habeebullah

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are ubiquitous in electric vehicles (EVs) as efficient energy storage devices. The reliable operation of Li-ion batteries depends critically on the accurate estimation of battery capacity. However,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Yang Wang , Marta Zagorowska , Riccardo M. G. Ferrari

In this paper, we consider the problem of state of charge estimation for rechargeable batteries. Coulomb counting is one of the traditional approaches to state of charge estimation and it is considered reliable as long as the battery…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-18 Kiarash Movassagh , Sheikh Arif Raihan , Balakumar Balasingam , Krishna Pattipati

This paper is the second part of a series of papers about empirical approaches to open circuit voltage (OCV) modeling and its performance comparison in lithium-ion batteries. The first part of the series introduced various sources of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-30 Prarthana Pillai , James Nguyen , Balakumar Balasingam

LiFePO4 batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems due to long cycle life and high safety performance. However, the OCV-SOC curve (OSC) of these batteries features a long plateau region, making state of charge…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-01 Daniyaer Paizulamu , Lin Cheng , Yingrui Zhuang , Helin Xu , Ning Qi , Song Ci

Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is essential for optimizing battery performance, ensuring safety, and maximizing economic value. Conventional current and voltage measurements, however, have inherent limitations in fully inferring…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Xiaolei Bian , Changfu Zou , Björn Fridholm , Christian Sundvall , Torsten Wik

Accurate identification of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery parameters is essential for managing and predicting battery behavior. However, existing discrete-time methods hinder the estimation of physical parameters and face the fast-slow…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-26 Yang Wang , Riccardo M. G. Ferrari , Michel Verhaegen

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) is crucial for the safe and reliable operation of batteries. Voltage measurement bias highly affects state estimation accuracy, especially in Lithium Iron Phosphate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-13 Baozhao Yi , Xinhao Du , Jiawei Zhang , Xiaogang Wu , Qiuhao Hu , Weiran Jiang , Xiaosong Hu , Ziyou Song

Robust and Real-time State of Charge (SOC) estimation is essential for Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems due to safety and longevity. However, the flat Open…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-03 Junzhe Shi , Shida Jiang , Shengyu Tao , Jaewong Lee , Manashita Borah , Scott Moura

While the efficiency of renewable energy components like inverters and PV panels is at an all-time high, there are still research gaps for batteries. Lithium-ion batteries have a lot of potential, but there are still some problems that need…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-01 Wasiue Ahmed , Mokhi Maan Siddiqui , Faheemullah Shaikh

The state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries needs to be accurately estimated for safety and reliability purposes. For battery packs made of a large number of cells, it is not always feasible to design one SOC estimator per cell due…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-26 Mira Khalil , Romain Postoyan , Stéphane Raël , Dragan Nešić

This paper presents findings on dynamic cell modeling for state-of-charge (SOC) estimation in an autonomous electric vehicle (AEV). The studied cells are Lithium-Ion Polymer-based with a nominal capacity of around 8Ah, optimized for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Qasim Ajao , Lanre Sadeeq

Battery management is a critical component of ubiquitous battery-powered energy systems, in which battery state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimations are of crucial importance. Conventional SOC and SOH estimation methods,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-09 Shida Jiang , Junzhe Shi , Scott Moura

This paper is the third part of a series of papers about empirical approaches to open circuit voltage (OCV) modeling of lithium-ion batteries. The first part of the series proposed models to quantify various sources of uncertainties in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-30 Prarthana Pillai , James Nguyen , Balakumar Balasingam

This article presents a novel empirical study for the estimation of the State of Charge (SOC) of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery which uses a deep learning model with three hidden layers. We model a series of ten vehicle drive cycles that…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-20 Alexandre Barbosa de Lima , Maurício B. C. Salles , José Roberto Cardoso

This manuscript presents an algorithm for individual Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell state of charge (SOC) estimation in a large-scale battery pack under minimal sensing, where only pack-level voltage and current are measured. For battery…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-20 Dong Zhang , Luis D. Couto , Ross Drummond , Shashank Sripad , Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan

Electric Vehicle (EV) fleets have dramatically expanded over the past several years. There has been significant increase in interest to electrify all modes of transportation. EVs are primarily powered by Energy Storage Systems such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Aniruddh Herle , Janamejaya Channegowda , Dinakar Prabhu

Accurate identification of lithium-ion battery parameters is essential for estimating battery states and managing performance. However, the variation of battery parameters over the state of charge (SOC) and the nonlinear dependence of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-26 Yang Wang , Riccardo M. G. Ferrari

This paper proposes a way to augment the existing machine learning algorithm applied to state-of-charge estimation by introducing a form of pulse injection to the running battery cells. It is believed that the information contained in the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-06 Weizhong Wang , Nicholas W. Brady , Chenyao Liao , Youssef A. Fahmy , Ephrem Chemali , Alan C. West , Matthias Preindl
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