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The de facto algorithm for training the back pass of a feedforward neural network is backpropagation (BP). The use of almost-everywhere differentiable activation functions made it efficient and effective to propagate the gradient backwards…

We consider artificial neurons which will update their weight coefficients with an internal rule based on backpropagation, rather than using it as an external training procedure. To achieve this we include the backpropagation error estimate…

The concept of a recently proposed Forward-Forward learning algorithm for fully connected artificial neural networks is applied to a single multi output perceptron for classification. The parameters of the system are trained with respect to…

The Forward-Forward algorithm is an alternative learning method which consists of two forward passes rather than a forward and backward pass employed by backpropagation. Forward-Forward networks employ layer local loss functions which are…

Although backpropagation is widely accepted as a training algorithm for artificial neural networks, researchers are always looking for inspiration from the brain to find ways with potentially better performance. Forward-Forward is a novel…

We present a general framework for training deep neural networks without backpropagation. This substantially decreases training time and also allows for construction of deep networks with many sorts of learners, including networks whose…

Artificial networks have been studied through the prism of statistical mechanics as disordered systems since the 80s, starting from the simple models of Hopfield's associative memory and the single-neuron perceptron classifier. Assuming…

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new learning procedure for neural networks and to demonstrate that it works well enough on a few small problems to be worth further investigation. The Forward-Forward algorithm replaces the forward…

The transformer is a neural network component that can be used to learn useful representations of sequences or sets of data-points. The transformer has driven recent advances in natural language processing, computer vision, and…

Supervised training of neural networks for classification is typically performed with a global loss function. The loss function provides a gradient for the output layer, and this gradient is back-propagated to hidden layers to dictate an…

Interpreting how does deep neural networks (DNNs) make predictions is a vital field in artificial intelligence, which hinders wide applications of DNNs. Visualization of learned representations helps we humans understand the vision of DNNs.…

Recently, we proposed to transform the outputs of each hidden neuron in a multi-layer perceptron network to have zero output and zero slope on average, and use separate shortcut connections to model the linear dependencies instead. We…

Neural networks have shown to be a practical way of building a very complex mapping between a pre-specified input space and output space. For example, a convolutional neural network (CNN) mapping an image into one of a thousand object…

Many machine learning methods operate by inverting a neural network at inference time, which has become a popular technique for solving inverse problems in computer vision, robotics, and graphics. However, these methods often involve…

For most deep learning algorithms training is notoriously time consuming. Since most of the computation in training neural networks is typically spent on floating point multiplications, we investigate an approach to training that eliminates…

Hypernetworks are neural networks that generate weights for another neural network. We formulate the hypernetwork training objective as a compromise between accuracy and diversity, where the diversity takes into account trivial symmetry…

Backpropagation algorithm is the cornerstone for neural network analysis. Paper extends it for training any derivatives of neural network's output with respect to its input. By the dint of it feedforward networks can be used to solve or…

After the tremendous development of neural networks trained by backpropagation, it is a good time to develop other algorithms for training neural networks to gain more insights into networks. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for…

Neural network systems describe complex mappings that can be very difficult to understand. In this paper, we study the inverse problem of determining the input images that get mapped to specific neural network classes. Ultimately, we expect…

Training a neural network using backpropagation algorithm requires passing error gradients sequentially through the network. The backward locking prevents us from updating network layers in parallel and fully leveraging the computing…