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We put forward new general criteria to design successor rules that generate binary de Bruijn sequences. Prior fast algorithms based on successor rules in the literature are then shown to be special instances. We implemented the criteria to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Zuling Chang , Martianus Frederic Ezerman , Pinhui Ke , Qiang Wang

We study how to generate binary de Bruijn sequences efficiently from the class of simple linear feedback shift registers with feedback function $f(x_0, x_1, \ldots, x_{n-1}) = x_0 + x_1 + x_{n-1}$ for $n \geq 3$, using the cycle joining…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Yunlong Zhu , Zuling Chang , Martianus Frederic Ezerman , Qiang Wang

The focus of this work is to show how to combine Zech's logarithms and each of the cycle joining and cross-join pairing methods to construct binary de Bruijn sequences of any order. A basic implementation is supplied as a proof-of-concept.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Zuling Chang , Martianus Frederic Ezerman , Adamas Aqsa Fahreza , San Ling , Janusz Szmidt , Huaxiong Wang

We present practical algorithms for generating universal cycles uniformly at random. In particular, we consider universal cycles for shorthand permutations, subsets and multiset permutations, weak orders, and orientable sequences.…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Joe Sawada , Daniel Gabrić

A balanced generalized de Bruijn sequence with parameters $(n,l,k)$ is a cyclic sequence of $n$ bits such that (a) the number of 0's equals the number of 1's, and (b) each substring of length $l$ occurs at most $k$ times. We determine…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Matthew Baker , Bhumika Mittal , Haran Mouli , Eric Tang

This paper initiates the study of shortening universal cycles (u-cycles) and universal words (u-words) for permutations either by using incomparable elements, or by using non-deterministic symbols. The latter approach is similar in nature…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-01 Sergey Kitaev , Vladimir N. Potapov , Vincent Vajnovszki

We introduce the notion of unavoidable (complete) sets of word patterns, which is a refinement for that of words, and study certain numerical characteristics for unavoidable sets of patterns. In some cases we employ the graph of pattern…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Alexander Burstein , Sergey Kitaev

A universal cycle (u-cycle) is a compact listing of a collection of combinatorial objects. In this paper, we use natural encodings of these objects to show the existence of u-cycles for collections of subsets, matroids, restricted…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-08-16 Antonio Blanca , Anant P. Godbole

Universal cycles, such as De Bruijn cycles, are cyclic sequences of symbols that represent every combinatorial object from some family exactly once as a consecutive subsequence. Graph universal cycles are a graph analogue of universal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-14 Rachel Kirsch , Clare Sibley , Elizabeth Sprangel

A universal cycle, or u-cycle, for a given set of words is a circular word that contains each word from the set exactly once as a contiguous subword. The celebrated de Bruijn sequences are a particular case of such a u-cycle, where a set in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-08-06 Herman Z. Q. Chen , Sergey Kitaev , Brian Y. Sun

Experimental results show that, when the order $n$ is odd, there are de Bruijn sequences such that the corresponding complement sequence and the reverse sequence are the same. In this paper, we propose one efficient method to generate such…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Zuling Chang , Qiang Wang

We study a construction published by Donald Knuth in 1965 yielding a completely uniformly distributed sequence of real numbers. Knuth's work is based on de Bruijn sequences of increasing orders and alphabet sizes, which grow exponentially…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-26 Emilio Almansi , Verónica Becher

The discrepancy of a binary string is the maximum (absolute) difference between the number of ones and the number of zeroes over all possible substrings of the given binary string. In this note we determine the minimal discrepancy that a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Nicolás Álvarez , Verónica Becher , Martín Mereb , Ivo Pajor , Carlos Miguel Soto

The de Bruijn torus (or grid) problem looks to find an $n$-by-$m$ binary matrix in which every possible $j$-by-$k$ submatrix appears exactly once. The existence and construction of these binary matrices was determined in the 70's, with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-11-24 Victoria Horan , Brett Stevens

Orientable sequences of order n are infinite periodic sequences with symbols drawn from a finite alphabet of size k with the property that any particular subsequence of length n occurs at most once in a period in either direction. They were…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Chris J Mitchell , Peter R Wild

We propose a novel construction for the well-known prefer-max De Bruijn sequence, based on the cycle joining technique. We further show that the construction implies known results from the literature in a straightforward manner. First, it…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Gal Amram , Amir Rubin , Gera Weiss

An $(m,n,R)$-de Bruijn covering array (dBCA) is a doubly periodic $M \times N$ array over an alphabet of size $q$ such that the set of all its $m \times n$ windows form a covering code with radius $R$. An upper bound of the smallest array…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Yeow Meng Chee , Tuvi Etzion , Hoang Ta , Van Khu Vu

A universal cycle for permutations is a word of length n! such that each of the n! possible relative orders of n distinct integers occurs as a cyclic interval of the word. We show how to construct such a universal cycle in which only n+1…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-10-31 J. Robert Johnson

A de Bruijn torus is the two dimensional generalization of a de Bruijn sequence. While some methods exist to generate these tori, only a few methods of construction are known. We present a novel method to generate de Bruijn tori with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-11 Matthew Kreitzer , Mihai Nica , Rajesh Pereira

A connected digraph in which the in-degree of any vertex equals its out-degree is Eulerian; this baseline result is used as the basis of existence proofs for universal cycles (also known as deBruijn cycles or $U$-cycles) of several…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-04-12 Britni LaBounty-Lay , Ashley Bechel , Anant P. Godbole