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We review recent progress in optimal control in stochastic thermodynamics. Theoretical advances provide in-depth insight into minimum-dissipation control with either full or limited (parametric) control, and spanning the limits from slow to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-13 Steven Blaber , David A. Sivak

Controlling thermodynamic cycles to minimize the dissipated heat is a longstanding goal in thermodynamics, and more recently, a central challenge in stochastic thermodynamics for nanoscale systems. Here, we introduce a theoretical and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-03-15 Shriram Chennakesavalu , Grant M. Rotskoff

Recent studies have explored finite-time dissipation-minimizing protocols for stochastic thermodynamic systems driven arbitrarily far from equilibrium, when granted full external control to drive the system. However, in both simulation and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-10-27 Adrianne Zhong , Michael R. DeWeese

Advances in experimental techniques enable the precise manipulation of a large variety of active systems, which constantly dissipate energy to sustain nonequilibrium phenomena without any equilibrium equivalent. To design novel materials…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-06-03 Artur Soriani , Elsen Tjhung , Étienne Fodor , Tomer Markovich

Linear response theory has found many applications in statistical physics. One of these is to compute minimal-work protocols that drive nonequilibrium systems between different thermodynamic states, which are useful for designing engineered…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-19 Samuel. H. DAmbrosia , Adrianne Zhong , Michael R. DeWeese

We investigate how to minimize the work dissipated during nonequilibrium processes. To this end, we employ methods from linear response theory to describe slowly varying processes, i.e., processes operating within the linear regime around…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-07-03 Marcus V. S. Bonança , Sebastian Deffner

Physical systems driven away from equilibrium by an external controller dissipate heat to the environment; the excess entropy production in the thermal reservoir can be interpreted as a "cost" to transform the system in a finite time. The…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-12-31 Jérémie Klinger , Grant M. Rotskoff

Transferring a physical system from an initial to a final state while minimizing energetic losses is an interdisciplinary control problem that bridges stochastic thermodynamics and optimal transport theory. Recent research typically…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-23 Jann van der Meer , Andreas Dechant

A fundamental problem in modern thermodynamics is how a molecular-scale machine performs useful work, while operating away from thermal equilibrium without excessive dissipation. To this end, we derive a friction tensor that induces a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-05-09 David A. Sivak , Gavin E. Crooks

The complete physical understanding of the optimization of the thermodynamic work still is an important open problem in stochastic thermodynamics. We address this issue using the Hamiltonian approach of linear response theory in finite time…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-08-18 Pierre Nazé , Sebastian Deffner , Marcus V. S. Bonança

Nonequilibrium physics encompasses a broad range of natural and synthetic small-scale systems. Optimizing transitions of such systems will be crucial for the development of nanoscale technologies and may reveal the physical principles…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-09-23 Patrick R. Zulkowski , Michael R. DeWeese

For systems in an externally controllable time-dependent potential, the optimal protocol minimizes the mean work spent in a finite-time transition between two given equilibrium states. For overdamped dynamics which ignores inertia effects,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-07-23 Alex Gomez-Marin , Tim Schmiedl , Udo Seifert

We apply advanced methods of control theory to open quantum systems and we determine finite-time processes which are optimal with respect to thermodynamic performances. General properties and necessary conditions characterizing optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Vasco Cavina , Andrea Mari , Alberto Carlini , Vittorio Giovannetti

We study the thermodynamic cost associated with driving systems between different non-equilibrium steady states. In particular, we combine a linear-response framework for non-equilibrium Markov systems with Lagrangian techniques to minimize…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-06-18 Dana Kamp , Karel Proesmans

Optimal control is a central problem in quantum thermodynamics. When minimizing dissipated work and work fluctuations defined via the two-point measurement scheme in open quantum systems, existing approaches largely focus on the rapid- and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Yuki Kurokawa , Yoshihiko Hasegawa

Quantifying energy flows at nanometer scales promises to guide future research in a variety of disciplines, from microscopic control and manipulation, to autonomously operating molecular machines. A general understanding of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-11-26 Steven J. Large , Raphaël Chetrite , David A. Sivak

Optimal processes in stochastic thermodynamics are a frontier for understanding the control and design of non-equilibrium systems, with broad practical applications in biology, chemistry, and nanoscale/mesoscale systems. Optimal mass…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-15 Atul Tanaji Mohite , Heiko Rieger

Optimal control theory deals with finding protocols to steer a system between assigned initial and final states, such that a trajectory-dependent cost function is minimized. The application of optimal control to stochastic systems is an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-09-18 Julia Sanders , Marco Baldovin , Paolo Muratore-Ginanneschi

For a small system like a colloidal particle or a single biomolecule embedded in a heat bath, the optimal protocol of an external control parameter minimizes the mean work required to drive the system from one given equilibrium state to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Tim Schmiedl , Udo Seifert

This paper proposes a new thermodynamic hypothesis that states that a nonlinear natural system that is not isolated and involves positive feedbacks tends to minimize its resistance to the flow process through it that is imposed by its…

Geophysics · Physics 2013-02-26 Hui-Hai Liu
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