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Representing words by vectors, or embeddings, enables computational reasoning and is foundational to automating natural language tasks. For example, if word embeddings of similar words contain similar values, word similarity can be readily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Carl Allen

Pre-trained transformer models shine in many natural language processing tasks and therefore are expected to bear the representation of the input sentence or text meaning. These sentence-level embeddings are also important in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Lukas Stankevičius , Mantas Lukoševičius

One of the long-standing challenges in lexical semantics consists in learning representations of words which reflect their semantic properties. The remarkable success of word embeddings for this purpose suggests that high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Yixiao Wang , Zied Bouraoui , Luis Espinosa Anke , Steven Schockaert

Most automated software testing tasks can benefit from the abstract representation of test cases. Traditionally, this is done by encoding test cases based on their code coverage. Specification-level criteria can replace code coverage to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Emad Jabbar , Soheila Zangeneh , Hadi Hemmati , Robert Feldt

Embeddings are functions that map raw input data to low-dimensional vector representations, while preserving important semantic information about the inputs. Pre-training embeddings on a large amount of unlabeled data and fine-tuning them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Congzheng Song , Ananth Raghunathan

Understanding what knowledge is implicitly encoded in deep learning models is essential for improving the interpretability of AI systems. This paper examines common methods to explain the knowledge encoded in word embeddings, which are core…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hanna Herasimchyk , Alhassan Abdelhalim , Sören Laue , Michaela Regneri

Word embedding methods revolve around learning continuous distributed vector representations of words with neural networks, which can capture semantic and/or syntactic cues, and in turn be used to induce similarity measures among words,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-25 Kuan-Yu Chen , Shih-Hung Liu , Berlin Chen , Hsin-Min Wang , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Machine-specific optimizations command the machine to behave in a specific way. As current programming models largely leave machine details unexposed, they cannot accommodate direct encoding of such commands. In previous work we have…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Benjamin Andreassen Bjørnseth , Jan Christian Meyer , Lasse Natvig

A large body of the literature of automated program repair develops approaches where patches are generated to be validated against an oracle (e.g., a test suite). Because such an oracle can be imperfect, the generated patches, although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-10 Haoye Tian , Kui Liu , Abdoul Kader Kaboreé , Anil Koyuncu , Li Li , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

We first observe a potential weakness of continuous vector representations of symbols in neural machine translation. That is, the continuous vector representation, or a word embedding vector, of a symbol encodes multiple dimensions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-05 Heeyoul Choi , Kyunghyun Cho , Yoshua Bengio

Program semantics learning is the core and fundamental for various code intelligent tasks e.g., vulnerability detection, clone detection. A considerable amount of existing works propose diverse approaches to learn the program semantics for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Jing Kai Siow , Shangqing Liu , Xiaofei Xie , Guozhu Meng , Yang Liu

We present models for encoding sentences into embedding vectors that specifically target transfer learning to other NLP tasks. The models are efficient and result in accurate performance on diverse transfer tasks. Two variants of the…

A representation technique that allows encoding music in a way that contains musical meaning would improve the results of any model trained for computer music tasks like generation of melodies and harmonies of better quality. The field of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Sebastian Garcia-Valencia

Word Embeddings are used widely in multiple Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. They are coordinates associated with each word in a dictionary, inferred from statistical properties of these words in a large corpus. In this paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Adam Sutton , Nello Cristianini

Automated theorem proving in first-order logic is an active research area which is successfully supported by machine learning. While there have been various proposals for encoding logical formulas into numerical vectors -- from simple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Veronika Thost , Maxwell Crouse , Achille Fokoue

Given a closed-source program, such as most of proprietary software and viruses, binary code analysis is indispensable for many tasks, such as code plagiarism detection and malware analysis. Today, source code is very often compiled for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Kimberly Redmond , Lannan Luo , Qiang Zeng

Binary code similarity detection is a core task in reverse engineering. It supports malware analysis and vulnerability discovery by identifying semantically similar code in different contexts. Modern methods have progressed from manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Charles E. Gagnon , Steven H. H. Ding , Philippe Charland , Benjamin C. M. Fung

Code search is a widely used technique by developers during software development. It provides semantically similar implementations from a large code corpus to developers based on their queries. Existing techniques leverage deep learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Weisong Sun , Chunrong Fang , Yuchen Chen , Guanhong Tao , Tingxu Han , Quanjun Zhang

We present models for embedding words in the context of surrounding words. Such models, which we refer to as token embeddings, represent the characteristics of a word that are specific to a given context, such as word sense, syntactic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Lifu Tu , Kevin Gimpel , Karen Livescu

The focus of past machine learning research for Reading Comprehension tasks has been primarily on the design of novel deep learning architectures. Here we show that seemingly minor choices made on (1) the use of pre-trained word embeddings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Bhuwan Dhingra , Hanxiao Liu , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , William W. Cohen