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Optimizing an interactive system against a predefined online metric is particularly challenging, when the metric is computed from user feedback such as clicks and payments. The key challenge is the counterfactual nature: in the case of Web…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-03-13 Lihong Li , Shunbao Chen , Jim Kleban , Ankur Gupta

With the pandemic, many experimental psychologists and linguists have started to collect data over the internet (hereafter on-line data). The feasibility of such experiments and the sample sizes required to achieve sufficient statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Bürki Audrey , Vasishth Shravan

In many industry settings, online controlled experimentation (A/B test) has been broadly adopted as the gold standard to measure product or feature impacts. Most research has primarily focused on user engagement type metrics, specifically…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-30 Weinan Wang , Xi Zhang

Consumer agency in the digital age is increasingly constrained by systemic barriers and algorithmic manipulation, raising concerns about the authenticity of consumption choices. Nowadays, financial decisions are shaped by external pressures…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Pegah Nokhiz , Aravinda Kanchana Ruwanpathirana

Similar product recommendation is one of the most common scenes in e-commerce. Many recommendation algorithms such as item-to-item Collaborative Filtering are working on measuring item similarities. In this paper, we introduce our real-time…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Zhi Liu , Yan Huang , Jing Gao , Li Chen , Dong Li

With the rise of the digital economy and an explosion of available information about consumers, effective personalization of goods and services has become a core business focus for companies to improve revenues and maintain a competitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Zhaonan Qu , Isabella Qian , Zhengyuan Zhou

Scalable oversight protocols aim to empower evaluators to accurately verify AI models more capable than themselves. However, human evaluators are subject to biases that can lead to systematic errors. We conduct two studies examining the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Gabriel Recchia , Chatrik Singh Mangat , Jinu Nyachhyon , Mridul Sharma , Callum Canavan , Dylan Epstein-Gross , Muhammed Abdulbari

Randomized controlled experiments assess new policy impacts on performance metrics to inform launch decisions. Traditional approaches evaluate metrics independently despite correlations, and mixed results (e.g., positive revenue impact,…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-29 Hoiyi Ng , Guido Imbens

User preferences for automated assistance often vary widely, depending on the situation, and quality or presentation of help. Developing effectivemodels to learn individual preferences online requires domain models that associate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-18 Bowen Hui , Craig Boutilier

Modern online experimentation faces two bottlenecks: scarce traffic forces tough choices on which variants to test, and post-hoc insight extraction is manual, inconsistent, and often content-agnostic. Meanwhile, organizations underuse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zhengmian Hu , Lei Shi , Ritwik Sinha , Justin Grover , David Arbour

Recommender systems are expected to be assistants that help human users find relevant information automatically without explicit queries. As recommender systems evolve, increasingly sophisticated learning techniques are applied and have…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zhengbang Zhu , Rongjun Qin , Junjie Huang , Xinyi Dai , Yang Yu , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

A/B testing is an important decision making tool in product development because can provide an accurate estimate of the average treatment effect of a new features, which allows developers to understand how the business impact of new changes…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-22 Guillaume Saint-Jacques , James Eric Sorenson , Nanyu Chen , Ya Xu

The Web 2.0 paradigm has radically changed the way businesses are run all around the world. Moreover, e-Commerce has overcome in daily shopping activities. For management teams, the assessment, evaluation, and forecasting of online incomes…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-01-09 Ilija S. Hristoski , Pece J. Mitrevski

Personalized news recommendations have become a standard feature of large news aggregation services, optimizing user engagement through automated content selection. In contrast, legacy news media often approach personalization cautiously,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Marlene Holzleitner , Stephan Leitner , Hanna Lind Jorgensen , Christoph Schmitz , Jacob Welander , Dietmar Jannach

The rapid growth of e-commerce has made people accustomed to shopping online. Before making purchases on e-commerce websites, most consumers tend to rely on rating scores and review information to make purchase decisions. With this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Yingqiang Ge , Shuyuan Xu , Shuchang Liu , Zuohui Fu , Fei Sun , Yongfeng Zhang

Accurate estimation of treatment effects in online A/B testing is challenging with zero-inflated and skewed metrics. Traditional tests, like Welch's t-test, often lack sensitivity with heavy-tailed data due to their reliance on means, as…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-07 Kevin Charette , Tristan Boudreault

Randomized experiments ensure robust causal inference that are critical to effective learning analytics research and practice. However, traditional randomized experiments, like A/B tests, are limiting in large scale digital learning…

Applications · Statistics 2019-02-04 Timothy NeCamp , Josh Gardner , Christopher Brooks

Technology firms conduct randomized controlled experiments ("A/B tests") to learn which actions to take to improve business outcomes. In firms with mature experimentation platforms, experimentation programs can consist of many thousands of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-30 Winston Chou , Colin Gray , Nathan Kallus , Aurélien Bibaut , Simon Ejdemyr

The effectiveness of advertising in e-commerce largely depends on the ability of merchants to bid on and win impressions for their targeted users. The bidding procedure is highly complex due to various factors such as market competition,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Artem Betlei , Mariia Vladimirova , Mehdi Sebbar , Nicolas Urien , Thibaud Rahier , Benjamin Heymann

A/B testing refers to the statistical procedure of conducting an experiment to compare two treatments, A and B, applied to different testing subjects. It is widely used by technology companies such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Netflix, to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Victoria Pokhiko , Qiong Zhang , Lulu Kang , D'arcy P. Mays