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This paper reviews the current progress in applying machine learning (ML) tools to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, with a focus on routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the vehicle routing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fangting Zhou , Attila Lischka , Balazs Kulcsar , Jiaming Wu , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani , Gilbert Laporte

For NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, it is usually difficult to find high-quality solutions in polynomial time. The design of either an exact algorithm or an approximate algorithm for these problems often requires significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kun Lei , Peng Guo , Yi Wang , Xiao Wu , Wenchao Zhao

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a popular generalization of the Traveling Salesperson Problem. Instead of one salesperson traversing the entire weighted, undirected graph $G$, there are $k$ vehicles available to jointly cover the set…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Michelle Döring , Jan Fehse , Tobias Friedrich , Paula Marten , Niklas Mohrin , Kirill Simonov , Farehe Soheil , Jakob Timm , Shaily Verma

Finding a feasible and prompt solution to the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a prerequisite for efficient freight transportation, seamless logistics, and sustainable mobility. Traditional optimization methods reach their limits when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Elija Deineko , Carina Kehrt

We present an end-to-end framework for solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) using reinforcement learning. In this approach, we train a single model that finds near-optimal solutions for problem instances sampled from a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Mohammadreza Nazari , Afshin Oroojlooy , Lawrence V. Snyder , Martin Takáč

This paper introduces a new set of large-scale benchmark instances for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). The proposed XL set extends existing benchmarks by covering instances with 1,000 to 10,000 customers and a wide range of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Eduardo Queiroga , Rafael Martinelli , Anand Subramanian , Eduardo Uchoa , Thibaut Vidal

The traditional Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) minimizes the total distance of the routes under the capacity constraints of the vehicles. But more often, the objective involves multiple criteria including not only the total…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Jayanta Mandi , Rocsildes Canoy , Víctor Bucarey , Tias Guns

Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) has emerged as a powerful framework for solving combinatorial optimization problems by integrating deep learning-based models. This work focuses on improving existing inference techniques to enhance…

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is an NP-hard optimization problem that has been an interest of research for decades in science and industry. The objective is to plan routes of vehicles to deliver goods to a fixed number of customers with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Christopher Ferrie

We consider a vehicle routing problem which seeks to minimize cost subject to time window and synchronization constraints. In this problem, the fleet of vehicles is categorized into regular and special vehicles. Some customers require both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Minh Hoàng Hà , Tat Dat Nguyen , Thinh Nguyen Duy , Hoang Giang Pham , Thuy Do , Louis-Martin Rousseau

Vehicle routing algorithms usually reformulate the road network into a complete graph in which each arc represents the shortest path between two locations. Studies on time-dependent routing followed this model and therefore defined the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Thibaut Vidal , Rafael Martinelli , Tuan Anh Pham , Minh Hoàng Hà

Due to its direct relevance to post-disaster operations, meter reading and civil refuse collection, the Uncertain Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (UCARP) is an important optimisation problem. Stochastic models are critical to study as they…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Jordan MacLachlan , Yi Mei , Juergen Branke , Mengjie Zhang

In the last years, there has been a great interest in machine-learning-based heuristics for solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. The developed methods have shown potential on many optimization problems. In this paper, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-19 Mouad Morabit , Guy Desaulniers , Andrea Lodi

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is an NP-optimization problem (NPO) that has been of great interest for decades for both, science and industry. The CVRP is a variant of the vehicle routing problem characterized by capacity…

Despite the extensive research efforts and the remarkable results obtained on Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) by using algorithms proposed by the Machine Learning community that are partially or entirely based on data-driven analysis, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Luca Accorsi , Andrea Lodi , Daniele Vigo

Recent studies in using deep learning to solve routing problems focus on construction heuristics, the solutions of which are still far from optimality. Improvement heuristics have great potential to narrow this gap by iteratively refining a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Yaoxin Wu , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang , Andrew Lim

The inventory routing problem (IRP) focuses on jointly optimizing inventory and distribution operations from a supplier to retailers over multiple days. Compared to other problems from the vehicle routing family, the interrelations between…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingyi Zhao , Claudia Archetti , Tuan Anh Pham , Thibaut Vidal

In this paper, we are concerned with the automated exchange of orders between logistics companies in a marketplace platform to optimize total revenues. We introduce a novel multi-agent approach to this problem, focusing on the Collaborative…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Paul Mingzheng Tang , Ba Phong Tran , Hoong Chuin Lau

We consider a vehicle routing problem which seeks to minimize cost subject to service level constraints on several groups of deliveries. This problem captures some essential challenges faced by a logistics provider which operates…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-06-13 Teobaldo Bulhões , Minh Hoàng Hà , Rafael Martinelli , Thibaut Vidal

This paper deals with generating of an optimized route for multiple Vehicle routing Problems (mVRP). We used a methodology of clustering the given cities depending upon the number of vehicles and each cluster is allotted to a vehicle. k-…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2010-01-26 R. Nallusamy , K. Duraiswamy , R. Dhanalaksmi , P. Parthiban