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In this paper we study the problems of estimating heterogeneity in causal effects in experimental or observational studies and conducting inference about the magnitude of the differences in treatment effects across subsets of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-08 Susan Athey , Guido Imbens

This paper presents a randomization-based framework for estimating causal effects under interference between units, motivated by challenges that arise in analyzing experiments on social networks. The framework integrates three components:…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-21 Peter M. Aronow , Cyrus Samii

Technological advancements in the field of mobile devices and wearable sensors have helped overcome obstacles in the delivery of care, making it possible to deliver behavioral treatments anytime and anywhere. Increasingly the delivery of…

Applications · Statistics 2017-11-13 Walter Dempsey , Peng Liao , Santosh Kumar , Susan A. Murphy

In neoadjuvant trials on early-stage breast cancer, patients are usually randomized into a control group and a treatment group with an additional target therapy. Early efficacy of the new regimen is assessed via the binary pathological…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-04 Xiaoqing Tan , Judah Abberbock , Priya Rastogi , Gong Tang

Intercurrent events, common in clinical trials and observational studies, affect the existence or interpretation of final outcomes. Principal stratification addresses this challenge by defining local average treatment effect estimands…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-22 Jiaqi Tong , Brennan Kahan , Michael O. Harhay , Fan Li

Principal stratification (PS) is a commonly used approach for understanding the mechanisms through which a treatment affects an outcome. The goal of this work is to extend the PS framework to studies with continuous treatments, which…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-20 Joseph Antonelli , Minxuan Wu , Fabrizia Mealli , Brenden Beck , Alessandra Mattei

Post-randomization events, also known as intercurrent events, such as treatment noncompliance and censoring due to a terminal event, are common in clinical trials. Principal stratification is a framework for causal inference in the presence…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-19 Bo Liu , Lisa Wruck , Fan Li

Researchers are often interested in treatment effects on outcomes that are only defined conditional on a post-treatment event status. For example, in a study of the effect of different cancer treatments on quality of life at end of…

It has recently become popular to define treatment effects for subsets of the target population characterized by variables not observable at the time a treatment decision is made. Characterizing and estimating such treatment effects is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-08-30 Marshall M. Joffe , Dylan Small , Chi-Yuan Hsu

Principal stratification analysis evaluates how causal effects of a treatment on a primary outcome vary across strata of units defined by their treatment effect on some intermediate quantity. This endeavor is substantially challenged when…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-21 Chanmin Kim , Corwin Zigler

Pragmatic randomized trials are designed to provide evidence for clinical decision-making rather than regulatory approval. Common features of these trials include the inclusion of heterogeneous or diverse patient populations in a wide range…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-20 Eleanor J. Murray , Sonja A. Swanson , Miguel A. Hernán

Post-treatment variables often complicate causal inference. They appear in many scientific problems, including noncompliance, truncation by death, mediation, and surrogate endpoint evaluation. Principal stratification is a strategy to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-04 Sizhu Lu , Zhichao Jiang , Peng Ding

Longitudinal cohort studies, which follow a group of individuals over time, provide the opportunity to examine causal effects of complex exposures on long-term health outcomes. Utilizing data from multiple cohorts has the potential to add…

In multisite trials, researchers are often interested in several inferential goals: estimating treatment effects for each site, ranking these effects, and studying their distribution. This study seeks to identify optimal methods for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-03 JoonHo Lee , Jonathan Che , Sophia Rabe-Hesketh , Avi Feller , Luke Miratrix

How should researchers analyze randomized experiments in which the main outcome is latent and measured in multiple ways but each measure contains some degree of error? We first identify a critical study-specific noncomparability problem in…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-13 Jiawei Fu , Donald P. Green

The treatment effect in a specific subgroup is often of interest in randomized clinical trials. When the subgroup is characterized by the absence of certain post-randomization events, a naive analysis on the subset of patients without these…

Applications · Statistics 2018-09-12 Baldur P. Magnusson , Heinz Schmidli , Nicolas Rouyrre , Daniel O. Scharfstein

In most real-world systems units are interconnected and can be represented as networks consisting of nodes and edges. For instance, in social systems individuals can have social ties, family or financial relationships. In settings where…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-31 Laura Forastiere , Fabrizia Mealli , Albert Wu , Edoardo Airoldi

In clinical trials, principal stratification analysis is commonly employed to address the issue of truncation by death, where a subject dies before the outcome can be measured. However, in practice, many survivor outcomes may remain…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-08 Wei Li , Yuan Liu , Shanshan Luo , Zhi Geng

Estimation of social influence in networks can be substantially biased in observational studies due to homophily and network correlation in exposure to exogenous events. Randomized experiments, in which the researcher intervenes in the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-09-28 Sean J. Taylor , Dean Eckles

Applied researchers are increasingly interested in whether and how treatment effects vary in randomized evaluations, especially variation not explained by observed covariates. We propose a model-free approach for testing for the presence of…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-12-17 Peng Ding , Avi Feller , Luke Miratrix