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The first law of geography is a cornerstone of spatial analysis, emphasizing that nearby and related locations tend to be more similar, however, defining what constitutes "near" and "related" remains challenging, as different phenomena…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-02 M. Naser Lessani , Zhenlong Li , Manzhu Yu , Helen Greatrex , Chan Shen

Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is a popular tool for modeling spatial heterogeneity in a regression model. However, the current weighting function used in GWR only considers the geographical distance, while the attribute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Hone-Jay Chu , Po-Hung Chen , Sheng-Mao Chang , Muhammad Zeeshan Ali , Sumriti Ranjan Patra

Local spatial models such as Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) serve as instrumental tools to capture intrinsic contextual effects through the estimates of the local intercepts…

Geographically weighted regression (GWR) models handle geographical dependence through a spatially varying coefficient model and have been widely used in applied science, but its general Bayesian extension is unclear because it involves a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-18 Yang Liu , Robert J. B. Goudie

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is increasingly used in spatial analyses of social and environmental data. It allows spatial heterogeneities in processes and relationships to be investigated through a series of local regression…

The geographically weighted regression (GWR) is a well-known statistical approach to explore spatial non-stationarity of the regression relationship in spatial data analysis. In this paper, we discuss a Bayesian recourse of GWR. Bayesian…

Applications · Statistics 2020-07-07 Zhihua Ma , Yishu Xue , Guanyu Hu

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a widely recognized technique for modeling spatial heterogeneity. However, it is commonly assumed that the relationships between dependent and independent variables are linear. To overcome this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Jianfei Cao , Dongchao Wang

Estimating software effort has been a largely unsolved problem for decades. One of the main reasons that hinders building accurate estimation models is the often heterogeneous nature of software data with a complex structure. Typically,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Yousef Alqasrawi , Mohammad Azzeh , Yousef Elsheikh

GWR is a popular approach for investigating the spatial variation in relationships between response and predictor variables, and critically for investigating and understanding process spatial heterogeneity. The geographically weighted (GW)…

Applications · Statistics 2021-09-30 Alexis Comber , Chris Brunsdon , Martin Callaghan , Paul Harris , Binbin Lu , Nick Malleson

Locally weighted regression was created as a nonparametric learning method that is computationally efficient, can learn from very large amounts of data and add data incrementally. An interesting feature of locally weighted regression is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-02-05 Franziska Meier , Philipp Hennig , Stefan Schaal

This article focuses on the use of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method to correct air quality low-cost sensors measurements. Those sensors are of major interest in the current era of high-resolution air quality monitoring at…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-30 Jean-Michel Poggi , Bruno Portier , Emma Thulliez

In this study, we present a collection of local models, termed geographically weighted (GW) models, that can be found within the GWmodel R package. A GW model suits situations when spatial data are poorly described by the global form, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-12-11 Binbin Lu , Paul Harris , Martin Charlton , Chris Brunsdon

Although a number of studies have developed fast geographically weighted regression (GWR) algorithms for large samples, none of them has achieved linear-time estimation, which is considered a requisite for big data analysis in machine…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-24 Daisuke Murakami , Narumasa Tsutsumida , Takahiro Yoshida , Tomoki Nakaya , Binbin Lu

A main purpose of spatial data analysis is to predict the objective variable for the unobserved locations. Although Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is often used for this purpose, estimation instability proves to be an issue. To…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-29 Toshiki Sakai , Jun Tsuchida , Hiroshi Yadohisa

Inductive bias is a key factor in spatial regression models, determining how well a model can learn from limited data and capture spatial patterns. This work revisits the inductive biases in Geographically Neural Network Weighted Regression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Zhenyuan Chen

Geographical and Temporal Weighted Regression (GTWR) model is an important local technique for exploring spatial heterogeneity in data relationships, as well as temporal dependence due to its high fitting capacity when it comes to real…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-21 Héctor Araya , Lisandro Fermín , Silfrido Gómez , Tania Roa , Soledad Torres

The geographically weighted regression (GWR) is an essential tool for estimating the spatial variation of relationships between dependent and independent variables in geographical contexts. However, GWR suffers from the problem that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Han Wang , Zhou Huang , Ganmin Yin , Yi Bao , Xiao Zhou , Yong Gao

Confronted with the spatial heterogeneity of real estate market, some traditional research utilized Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to estimate the house price. However, its kernel function is non-linear, elusive, and complex to…

Applications · Statistics 2022-02-10 Zimo Wang , Yicheng Wang , Sensen Wu

Spatial statistics is a growing discipline providing important analytical techniques in a wide range of disciplines in the natural and social sciences. In the R package GWmodel, we introduce techniques from a particular branch of spatial…

Applications · Statistics 2014-03-18 Isabella Gollini , Binbin Lu , Martin Charlton , Christopher Brunsdon , Paul Harris

The objective of this study is to investigate spatial structures of error in the assessment of continuous raster data. The use of conventional diagnostics of error often overlooks the possible spatial variation in error because such…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-15 Narumasa Tsutsumida , Pedro Rodríguez-Veiga , Paul Harris , Heiko Balzter , Alexis Comber
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