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Metamorphic Testing is a software testing paradigm which aims at using necessary properties of a system-under-test, called metamorphic relations, to either check its expected outputs, or to generate new test cases. Metamorphic Testing has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Helge Spieker , Arnaud Gotlieb

The contextual bandit problem, where agents arrive sequentially with personal contexts and the system adapts its arm allocation decisions accordingly, has recently garnered increasing attention for enabling more personalized outcomes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yiting Hu , Lingjie Duan

We introduce the cram method as a general statistical framework for evaluating the final learned policy from a multi-armed contextual bandit algorithm, using the dataset generated by the same bandit algorithm. The proposed on-policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zeyang Jia , Kosuke Imai , Michael Lingzhi Li

We study Contextual Multi-Armed Bandits (CMABs) for non-episodic sequential decision making problems where the context includes both textual and numerical information (e.g., recommendation systems, dynamic portfolio adjustments, offer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Uljad Berdica , Fernando Acero , Anton Ipsen , Parisa Zehtabi , Michael Cashmore , Manuela Veloso

Contextual bandits (CB) are online sequential decision-making problems under partial feedback that underpin many adaptive services. There is a growing demand to deploy CB agents directly on-device, under strict constraints on memory,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Marco Angioli , Kevin Johansson , Antonello Rosato , Amy Loutfi , Denis Kleyko

We introduce Conformal Bandits, a novel framework integrating Conformal Prediction (CP) into bandit problems, a classic paradigm for sequential decision-making under uncertainty. Traditional regret-minimisation bandit strategies like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Simone Cuonzo , Nina Deliu

We investigate the feasibility of learning from a mix of both fully-labeled supervised data and contextual bandit data. We specifically consider settings in which the underlying learning signal may be different between these two data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Chicheng Zhang , Alekh Agarwal , Hal Daumé , John Langford , Sahand N Negahban

Contextual Multi-Armed Bandits is a well-known and accepted online optimization algorithm, that is used in many Web experiences to tailor content or presentation to users' traffic. Much has been published on theoretical guarantees (e.g.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-12 David Abensur , Ivan Balashov , Shaked Bar , Ronny Lempel , Nurit Moscovici , Ilan Orlov , Danny Rosenstein , Ido Tamir

Efficient online decision-making in contextual bandits is challenging, as methods without informative priors often suffer from computational or statistical inefficiencies. In this work, we leverage pre-trained diffusion models as expressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Imad Aouali

We consider interactive learning in the realizable setting and develop a general framework to handle problems ranging from best arm identification to active classification. We begin our investigation with the observation that agnostic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Julian Katz-Samuels , Blake Mason , Kevin Jamieson , Rob Nowak

Standard approaches to Robust Reinforcement Learning assume that feedback sources are either globally trustworthy or globally adversarial. In this paper, we challenge this assumption and we identify a more subtle failure mode. We term this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Majid Ghasemi , Mark Crowley

Autoregressive processes naturally arise in a large variety of real-world scenarios, including stock markets, sales forecasting, weather prediction, advertising, and pricing. When facing a sequential decision-making problem in such a…

Model misspecification is a major consideration in applications of statistical methods and machine learning. However, it is often neglected in contextual bandits. This paper studies a common form of misspecification, an inter-arm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Rong Zhu , Branislav Kveton

Algorithms for bandit convex optimization and online learning often rely on constructing noisy gradient estimates, which are then used in appropriately adjusted first-order algorithms, replacing actual gradients. Depending on the properties…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Xiaowei Hu , Prashanth L. A. , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

Most contextual bandit algorithms minimize regret against the best fixed policy, a questionable benchmark for non-stationary environments that are ubiquitous in applications. In this work, we develop several efficient contextual bandit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Haipeng Luo , Chen-Yu Wei , Alekh Agarwal , John Langford

A recurring theme in statistical learning, online learning, and beyond is that faster convergence rates are possible for problems with low noise, often quantified by the performance of the best hypothesis; such results are known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Dylan J. Foster , Akshay Krishnamurthy

We study offline data poisoning attacks in contextual bandits, a class of reinforcement learning problems with important applications in online recommendation and adaptive medical treatment, among others. We provide a general attack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-27 Yuzhe Ma , Kwang-Sung Jun , Lihong Li , Xiaojin Zhu

Most off-policy evaluation methods for contextual bandits have focused on the expected outcome of a policy, which is estimated via methods that at best provide only asymptotic guarantees. However, in many applications, the expectation may…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-27 Muhammad Faaiz Taufiq , Jean-Francois Ton , Rob Cornish , Yee Whye Teh , Arnaud Doucet

We provide a simple method to combine stochastic bandit algorithms. Our approach is based on a "meta-UCB" procedure that treats each of $N$ individual bandit algorithms as arms in a higher-level $N$-armed bandit problem that we solve with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Ashok Cutkosky , Abhimanyu Das , Manish Purohit

We consider the kernelized contextual bandit problem with a large feature space. This problem involves $K$ arms, and the goal of the forecaster is to maximize the cumulative rewards through learning the relationship between the contexts and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-21 Shogo Iwazaki , Junpei Komiyama , Masaaki Imaizumi