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We propose a new composable and information-theoretically secure protocol to verify that a server has the power to sample from a sub-universal quantum machine implementing only commuting gates. By allowing the client to manipulate single…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-06 Daniel Mills , Anna Pappa , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

In the medium term, quantum computing must tackle two key challenges: fault tolerance and security. Fault tolerance will be solved with sufficiently high quality experiments on large numbers of qubits, but the scale and complexity of these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-11 Ethan Davies , Alastair Kay

The exploitation of certification tools by end users represents a fundamental aspect of the development of quantum technologies as the hardware scales up beyond the regime of classical simulatability. Certifying quantum networks becomes…

Blind Quantum Computing (BQC) allows a client to have a server carry out a quantum computation for them such that the client's input, output and computation remain private. A desirable property for any BQC protocol is verification, whereby…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-12 Joseph F. Fitzsimons , Elham Kashefi

Recently, there are more and more organizations offering quantum-cloud services, where any client can access a quantum computer remotely through the internet. In the near future, these cloud servers may claim to offer quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-20 Xi Chen , Bin Cheng , Zhaokai Li , Xinfang Nie , Nengkun Yu , Man-Hong Yung , Xinhua Peng

When a universal quantum computer is used by the public, it is assumed that it will be in the form of a quantum cloud server that exists in a few bases due to its cost. In this cloud server, privacy will be a crucial issue, and a blind…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-16 Yuichi Sano

Verifiable blind quantum computing allows a client with poor quantum devices to delegate universal quantum computing to a remote quantum server in such a way that the client's privacy is protected and the honesty of the server is verified.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-15 Yuki Takeuchi , Keisuke Fujii , Tomoyuki Morimae , Nobuyuki Imoto

Quantum computers are expected to offer substantial speedups over their classical counterparts and to solve problems that are intractable for classical computers. Beyond such practical significance, the concept of quantum computation opens…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-13 Stefanie Barz , Joseph F. Fitzsimons , Elham Kashefi , Philip Walther

Quantum computing has considerable advantages in solving some problems over its classical counterpart. Currently various physical systems are developed to construct quantum computers but it is still challenging and the first use of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-19 Junyu Quan , Qin Li , Lvzhou Li

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware necessitates the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests fall short, as they either suffer from systematic errors or do not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

A longstanding goal in quantum information science is to demonstrate quantum computations that cannot be feasibly reproduced on a classical computer. Such demonstrations mark major milestones: they showcase fine control over quantum systems…

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware calls for the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests often fall short: they either rely on flawless state preparation and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

We discuss how blind quantum computing generalizes to multi-level quantum systems (qudits), which offers advantages compared to the qubit approach. Here, a quantum computing task is delegated to an untrusted server while simultaneously…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Alena Romanova , Wolfgang Dür

Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve not only problems believed to be intractable for classical computers, but also problems for which verifying the solution is also considered intractable. This raises the question of how one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-10 Alexandru Gheorghiu , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

With the advent of public access to small gate-based quantum processors, it becomes necessary to develop a benchmarking methodology such that independent researchers can validate the operation of these processors. We explore the usefulness…

Device-independent certification of quantum devices is of crucial importance for the development of secure quantum information protocols. So far, the most studied scenario corresponds to a system consisting of different non-characterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-26 Ivan Šupić , Matty J. Hoban , Laia Domingo Colomer , Antonio Acín

Quantum computers, besides offering substantial computational speedups, are also expected to provide the possibility of preserving the privacy of a computation. Here we show the first such experimental demonstration of blind quantum…

The question of whether a fully classical client can delegate a quantum computation to an untrusted quantum server while fully maintaining privacy (blindness) is one of the big open questions in quantum cryptography. Both yes and no answers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-07 Vedran Dunjko , Elham Kashefi

In recent years, many computational tasks have been proposed as candidates for showing a quantum computational advantage, that is an advantage in the time needed to perform the task using a quantum instead of a classical machine.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-12 Federico Centrone , Niraj Kumar , Eleni Diamanti , Iordanis Kerenidis

Intermediate-scale quantum devices are becoming more reliable, and may soon be harnessed to solve useful computational tasks. At the same time, common classical methods used to verify their computational output become intractable due to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Johannes Knörzer , Daniel Malz , J. Ignacio Cirac
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