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In this text we review various relations between building blocks of closed and open string amplitudes at tree-level and genus one. We explain that KLT relations between tree-level closed and open string amplitudes follow from the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-01-22 Pierre Vanhove , Federico Zerbini

Modular graph functions arise in the calculation of the low-energy expansion of closed-string scattering amplitudes. For toroidal world-sheets, they are ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$-invariant functions of the torus complex structure that have…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-11-30 Daniele Dorigoni , Axel Kleinschmidt , Rudolfs Treilis

Based on general mathematical assumptions we give an independent, elementary derivation of a theorem by Francis Brown and Cl\'ement Dupont which states that tree-level amplitudes of closed and open strings are related through the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-01-30 Oliver Schlotterer , Oliver Schnetz

We calculate the four-graviton scattering amplitude in Type II superstring theory at one loop up to seventh order in the low-energy expansion through the recently developed iterated integral formalism of Modular Graph Functions (MGFs). The…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-06-05 Emiel Claasen , Mehregan Doroudiani

The concept and the construction of modular graph functions are generalized from genus-one to higher genus surfaces. The integrand of the four-graviton superstring amplitude at genus-two provides a generating function for a special class of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-11-14 Eric D'Hoker , Michael B. Green , Boris Pioline

We study open and closed string amplitudes at tree-level in string perturbation theory using the methods of single-valued integration which were developed in the prequel to this paper. Using dihedral coordinates on the moduli spaces of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-02-23 Francis Brown , Clément Dupont

We express one-loop closed string amplitudes as weighted sums over squares of open string one-loop subamplitudes. These findings generalize - subject to final complex structure modulus integration - the celebrated tree-level relationships…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-07-11 S. Stieberger

We study generating functions of moduli-space integrals at genus one that are expected to form a basis for massless $n$-point one-loop amplitudes of open superstrings and open bosonic strings. These integrals are shown to satisfy the same…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-03-18 Carlos R. Mafra , Oliver Schlotterer

We investigate generating functions for the integrals over world-sheet tori appearing in closed-string one-loop amplitudes of bosonic, heterotic and type-II theories. These closed-string integrals are shown to obey homogeneous and linear…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-01-22 Jan E. Gerken , Axel Kleinschmidt , Oliver Schlotterer

Modular graph forms are a class of modular covariant functions which appear in the genus-one contribution to the low-energy expansion of closed string scattering amplitudes. Modular graph forms with holomorphic subgraphs enjoy the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-02-20 Jan E. Gerken , Justin Kaidi

We show that the single trace heterotic N-point tree-level gauge amplitude A_HET can be obtained from the corresponding type I amplitude A_I by the single-valued (sv) projection: A_HET=sv(A_I). This projection maps multiple zeta values to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-18 Stephan Stieberger , Tomasz R. Taylor

The structure of tree-level open and closed superstring amplitudes is analyzed. For the open superstring amplitude we find a striking and elegant form, which allows to disentangle its alpha'-expansion into several contributions accounting…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-05 O. Schlotterer , S. Stieberger

We reexamine genus one super-Green functions with general boundary conditions twisted by $(\alpha, \beta)$ for $(\sigma, \tau)$ directions in the eigenmode expansion and derive expressions as infinite series of hypergeometric functions.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-03-30 H. Itoyama , Kohei Yano

The low-energy expansion of genus-one string amplitudes produces infinite families of non-holomorphic modular forms after each step of integrating over a point on the torus worldsheet which are known as elliptic modular graph forms (eMGFs).…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-12-18 Oliver Schlotterer , Yoann Sohnle , Yi-Xiao Tao

We use the remodeling approach to the B-model topological string in terms of recursion relations to study open string amplitudes at orbifold points. To this end, we clarify modular properties of the open amplitudes and rewrite them in a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-04-30 Vincent Bouchard , Albrecht Klemm , Marcos Marino , Sara Pasquetti

Following the idea of Refs.[1,2], the double-copy-like decomposition of exchanged internal states in the world-line limit of one-loop string amplitudes is systematically formulated and generalized to both bosonic and heterotic string…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-03 Yao Li

The analytic contribution to the low energy expansion of Type II string amplitudes at genus-one is a power series in space-time derivatives with coefficients that are determined by integrals of modular functions over the complex structure…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-09-30 Eric D'Hoker , Michael B. Green , Pierre Vanhove

The scattering amplitudes of gauge bosons in heterotic and open superstring theories are related by the single-valued projection which yields heterotic amplitudes by selecting a subset of multiple zeta value coefficients in the $\alpha'$…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-04-04 Wei Fan , A. Fotopoulos , S. Stieberger , T. R. Taylor

Generalised Eisenstein series are non-holomorphic modular invariant functions of a complex variable, $\tau$, subject to a particular inhomogeneous Laplace eigenvalue equation on the hyperbolic upper-half $\tau$-plane. Two infinite classes…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-07-26 Daniele Dorigoni , Rudolfs Treilis

This paper investigates the relations between modular graph forms, which are generalizations of the modular graph functions that were introduced in earlier papers motivated by the structure of the low energy expansion of genus-one Type II…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-07-03 Eric D'Hoker , Michael B. Green