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The square $G^2$ of a graph $G$ is the graph defined on $V(G)$ such that two vertices $u$ and $v$ are adjacent in $G^2$ if the distance between $u$ and $v$ in $G$ is at most 2. Let $\chi(H)$ and $\chi_l(H)$ be the chromatic number and the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-05-17 Seog-Jin Kim , Boram Park

The q-state Potts model can be defined on an arbitrary finite graph, and its partition function encodes much important information about that graph, including its chromatic polynomial, flow polynomial and reliability polynomial. The complex…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Alan D. Sokal

The main result of this paper is the introduction of marked graphs and the marked graph polynomials ($M$-polynomial) associated with them. These polynomials can be defined via a deletion-contraction operation. These polynomials are a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-25 José Aliste-Prieto , Anna de Mier , Rosa Orellana , José Zamora

The determination of the quantum chromatic number of graphs has attracted considerable attention recently. However, there are few families of graphs whose quantum chromatic numbers are determined. A notable exception is the family of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-02 Tao Luo , Yu Ning , Xiande Zhang

For a proper vertex coloring $c$ of a graph $G$, let $\varphi_c(G)$ denote the maximum, over all induced subgraphs $H$ of $G$, the difference between the chromatic number $\chi(H)$ and the number of colors used by $c$ to color $H$. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-11-19 N. R. Aravind , Subrahmanyam Kalyanasundaram , R. B. Sandeep , Naveen Sivadasan

A \emph{mixed graph} is a graph with directed edges, called arcs, and undirected edges. A $k$-coloring of the vertices is proper if colors from ${1,2,...,k}$ are assigned to each vertex such that $u$ and $v$ have different colors if $uv$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-10 Matthias Beck , Daniel Blado , Joseph Crawford , Taina Jean-Louis , Michael Young

The cochromatic number $\zeta(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of colours needed for a vertex colouring where every colour class is either an independent set or a clique. Let $\chi(G)$ denote the usual chromatic number. Around 1991…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-21 Annika Heckel

We define the Cartesian, Categorical, and Lexicographic, and Strong products of quantum graphs. We provide bounds on the quantum chromatic number of these products in terms of the quantum chromatic number of the factors. To adequately…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2024-08-23 Rolando de Santiago , A. Meenakshi McNamara

If distinct colours represent distinct technology types that are placed at the vertices of a simple graph in accordance to a minimum proper colouring, a disaster recovery strategy could rely on an answer to the question: "What is the…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2018-03-06 Johan Kok , Sudev Naduvath , M. Jerlin Seles , U. Mary

We exhibit non-switching-isomorphic signed graphs that share a common underlying graph and common chromatic polynomials, thereby answering a question posed by Zaslavsky. For various joins of all-positive or all-negative signed complete…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-07-02 Gary R. W. Greaves , Jeven Syatriadi , Charissa I. Utomo

A graph $G$ is equitably $k$-colorable if its vertices can be partitioned into $k$ independent sets in such a way that the number of vertices in any two sets differ by at most one. The smallest integer $k$ for which such a coloring exists…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-04-21 Hanna Furmańczyk , Marek Kubale

We consider proper colorings of planar graphs embedded in the annulus, such that vertices on one rim can take Q_s colors, while all remaining vertices can take Q colors. The corresponding chromatic polynomial is related to the partition…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 Jesper Lykke Jacobsen , Hubert Saleur

For given graph $H$ and graphical property $P$, the conditional chromatic number $\chi(H,P)$ of $H$, is the smallest number $k$, so that $V(H)$ can be decomposed into sets $V_1,V_2,\ldots, V_k$, in which $H[V_i]$ satisfies the property $P$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-19 Yaser Rowshan

The distinguishing chromatic number of a graph $G$, denoted $\chi_D(G)$, is the minimum number of colours in a proper vertex colouring of $G$ that is preserved by the identity automorphism only. Collins and Trenk proved that $\chi_D(G)\le…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-26 Christoph Brause , Rafał Kalinowski , Monika Pilśniak , Ingo Schiemeyer

Let $G$ be a graph of order $n$. It is well-known that $\alpha(G)\geq \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{1}{1+d_i}$, where $\alpha(G)$ is the independence number of $G$ and $d_1,\ldots,d_n$ is the degree sequence of $G$. We extend this result to digraphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-11-20 Saeed Akbari , Amir Hossein Ghodrati , Afrouz Jabalameli , Morteza Saghafian

We define a q-chromatic function on graphs, list some of its properties and provide some formulas in the class of general chordal graphs. Then we relate the q-chromatic function to the colored Jones function of knots. This leads to a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Martin Loebl

In this article we consider certain well-known polynomials associated with graphs including the independence polynomial and the chromatic polynomial. These polynomials count certain objects in graphs: independent sets in the case of the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Viresh Patel , Guus Regts

We have observations concerning the set theoretic strength of the following combinatorial statements without the axiom of choice. 1. If in a partially ordered set, all chains are finite and all antichains are countable, then the set is…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-06-28 Amitayu Banerjee , Zalán Gyenis

The quantum chromatic number, $\chi_q(G)$, of a graph $G$ was originally defined as the minimal number of colors necessary in a quantum protocol in which two provers that cannot communicate with each other but share an entangled state can…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-10 Pawel Wocjan , Clive Elphick

A dynamic coloring of a graph $G$ is a proper coloring such that for every vertex $v\in V(G)$ of degree at least 2, the neighbors of $v$ receive at least 2 colors. It was conjectured [B. Montgomery. {\em Dynamic coloring of graphs}. PhD…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-10-25 Meysam Alishahi