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Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can find an optimal policy for a single agent to accomplish a particular task. However, many real-world problems require multiple agents to collaborate in order to achieve a common goal. For example, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Hadi Partovi Aria , Hyohun Kim , Daniel Neider , Zhe Xu

Online advertising systems typically use a cascaded architecture to manage massive requests and candidate volumes, where the ranking stages allocate traffic based on eCPM (predicted CTR $\times$ Bid). With the increasing popularity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Bin Liu , Yunfei Liu , Ziru Xu , Zhaoyu Zhou , Zhi Kou , Yeqiu Yang , Han Zhu , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

Online bidding serves as a fundamental information system in mobile ecosystems, facilitating real-time ad allocation across billions of devices while optimizing both platform performance and user experience through data-driven decision…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Huanyu Yan , Yu Huo , Min Lu , Weitong Ou , Xingyan Shi , Ruihe Shi , Xiaoying Tang

Reinforcement learning in multi-agent scenarios is important for real-world applications but presents challenges beyond those seen in single-agent settings. We present an actor-critic algorithm that trains decentralized policies in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Shariq Iqbal , Fei Sha

Real-time bidding (RTB) has become one of the largest online advertising markets in the world. Today the bid price per ad impression is typically decided by the expected value of how it can lead to a desired action event (e.g., registering…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Jian Xu , Xuhui Shao , Jianjie Ma , Kuang-chih Lee , Hang Qi , Quan Lu

Many real-world auctions are dynamic processes, in which bidders interact and report information over multiple rounds with the auctioneer. The sequential decision making aspect paired with imperfect information renders analyzing the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Vinzenz Thoma , Michael Curry , Niao He , Sven Seuken

We study the budget allocation problem in online marketing campaigns that utilize previously collected offline data. We first discuss the long-term effect of optimizing marketing budget allocation decisions in the offline setting. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Tianchi Cai , Jiyan Jiang , Wenpeng Zhang , Shiji Zhou , Xierui Song , Li Yu , Lihong Gu , Xiaodong Zeng , Jinjie Gu , Guannan Zhang

This paper proposes a diffusion-based auto-bidding framework that leverages graph representations to model large-scale auction environments. In such settings, agents must dynamically optimize bidding strategies under constraints defined by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Dom Huh , Prasant Mohapatra

In programmatic advertising, ad slots are usually sold using second-price (SP) auctions in real-time. The highest bidding advertiser wins but pays only the second-highest bid (known as the winning price). In SP, for a single item, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Aritra Ghosh , Saayan Mitra , Somdeb Sarkhel , Jason Xie , Gang Wu , Viswanathan Swaminathan

In this paper, we initiate the study of the multiplicative bidding language adopted by major Internet search companies. In multiplicative bidding, the effective bid on a particular search auction is the product of a base bid and bid…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-04-29 MohammadHossein Bateni , Jon Feldman , Vahab Mirrokni , Sam Chiu-wai Wong

Multi-agent reinforcement learning typically suffers from the problem of sample inefficiency, where learning suitable policies involves the use of many data samples. Learning from external demonstrators is a possible solution that mitigates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Kate Larson , Mark Crowley

Game theory has been developed by scientists as a theory of strategic interaction among players who are supposed to be perfectly rational. These strategic interactions might have been presented in an auction, a business negotiation, a chess…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Medet Kanmaz , Elif Surer

Central to all machine learning algorithms is data representation. For multi-agent systems, selecting a representation which adequately captures the interactions among agents is challenging due to the latent group structure which tends to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Jennifer Hobbs , Matthew Holbrook , Nathan Frank , Long Sha , Patrick Lucey

We present a vertical introduction to campaign optimization; that is, the ability to predict the user response to an ad campaign without any users' profiles on average and for each exposed ad. In practice, we present an approach to build a…

Applications · Statistics 2015-05-12 Paolo D'Alberto

Channel allocation is the task of assigning channels to users such that some objective (e.g., sum-rate) is maximized. In centralized networks such as cellular networks, this task is carried by the base station which gathers the channel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-05 S. M. Zafaruddin , Ilai Bistritz , Amir Leshem , Dusit Niyato

This paper describes an engine to optimize web publisher revenues from second-price auctions. These auctions are widely used to sell online ad spaces in a mechanism called real-time bidding (RTB). Optimization within these auctions is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Pedro Chahuara , Nicolas Grislain , Grégoire Jauvion , Jean-Michel Renders

We formulate computation offloading as a decentralized decision-making problem with autonomous agents. We design an interaction mechanism that incentivizes agents to align private and system goals by balancing between competition and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Jing Tan , Ramin Khalili , Holger Karl , Artur Hecker

Finding optimal bidding strategies for generation units in electricity markets would result in higher profit. However, it is a challenging problem due to the system uncertainty which is due to the unknown other generation units' strategies.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Pegah Rokhforoz , Olga Fink

Classical collaborative filtering, and content-based filtering methods try to learn a static recommendation model given training data. These approaches are far from ideal in highly dynamic recommendation domains such as news recommendation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-01 Shuai Li , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Claudio Gentile

We formulate offloading of computational tasks from a dynamic group of mobile agents (e.g., cars) as decentralized decision making among autonomous agents. We design an interaction mechanism that incentivizes such agents to align private…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Jing Tan , Ramin Khalili , Holger Karl , Artur Hecker