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We present the first leveled fully homomorphic encryption scheme for quantum circuits with classical keys. The scheme allows a classical client to blindly delegate a quantum computation to a quantum server: an honest server is able to run…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Urmila Mahadev

Semiquantum key distribution allows a quantum party to share a random key with a "classical" party who only can prepare and measure qubits in the computational basis or reorder some qubits when he has access to a quantum channel. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-16 Qin Li , Wai Hong Chan , Shengyu Zhang

We introduce a secure hardware device named a QEnclave that can secure the remote execution of quantum operations while only using classical controls. This device extends to quantum computing the classical concept of a secure enclave which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 Yao Ma , Elham Kashefi , Myrto Arapinis , Kaushik Chakraborty , Marc Kaplan

We present a modular hierarchy of private delegated quantum computation protocols tailored to user-level and industry-level settings and parameterized by the quantum resources available to the client. For each protocol, we specify the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Alejandro Mata Ali , Adriano Mauricio Lusso , Edgar Mencia

Blind quantum computation (BQC) protocol allows a client having partial quantum ability to delegate his quantum computation to a remote quantum server without leaking any information about the input, the output and the intended computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-01 Shih-Min Hung , Tzonelih Hwang

Verifiable blind quantum computing is a secure delegated quantum computing where a client with a limited quantum technology delegates her quantum computing to a server who has a universal quantum computer. The client's privacy is protected…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-12 Tomoyuki Morimae

Quantum learning models hold the potential to bring computational advantages over the classical realm. As powerful quantum servers become available on the cloud, ensuring the protection of clients' private data becomes crucial. By…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Weikang Li , Dong-Ling Deng

After quantum computers come out, governments and rich companies will have the abilities to buy these useful quantum computers, meanwhile they are familiar with these technologies proficiently. If a client wants to perform quantum computing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-27 Xiaoqian Zhang

We propose a new concept, oblivious quantum computation, which requires performing oblivious transfer with respect to the computation outcome of the quantum computation, where the secrecy of the input qubits and the program to identify the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-12 Masahito Hayashi

Delegated quantum computing (DQC) allows clients with low quantum capabilities to outsource computations to a server hosting a quantum computer. This process is often envisioned within the measurement-based quantum computing framework, as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Fabian Wiesner , Jens Eisert , Anna Pappa

Delegated quantum computing enables a client with weak computational power to delegate quantum computing to a remote quantum server in such a way that the integrity of the server can be efficiently verified by the client. Recently, a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-07 Yuki Takeuchi , Tomoyuki Morimae , Seiichiro Tani

In the universal blind quantum computation problem, a client wants to make use of a single quantum server to evaluate $C|0\rangle$ where $C$ is an arbitrary quantum circuit while keeping $C$ secret. The client's goal is to use as few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-06 Jiayu Zhang

This paper proposes a model of tripartite blind quantum computation (TBQC), in which three independent participants hold different resources and accomplish a computational task through cooperation. The three participants are called C,S,T…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-26 Min Liang

Quantum computing has seen tremendous progress in the past years. However, due to limitations in scalability of quantum technologies, it seems that we are far from constructing universal quantum computers for everyday users. A more feasible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-17 Elham Kashefi , Anna Pappa

Quantum technologies hold the promise of not only faster algorithmic processing of data, via quantum computation, but also of more secure communications, in the form of quantum cryptography. In recent years, a number of protocols have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-01 Joseph F. Fitzsimons

A client can delegate a quantum computation to a powerful remote server while ensuring the privacy and the integrity of its computation via Secure Delegated Quantum Computation (SDQC). Thanks to recent results making them noise-robust and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Maxime Garnier , Dominik Leichtle , Luka Music , Harold Ollivier

It is called blind quantum computation(BQC) that a client who has limited quantum technologies can delegate her quantum computing to a server who has fully-advanced quantum computers. But the privacy of the client's quantum inputs,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-27 Xiaoqian Zhang

We present a verifiable and blind protocol for assisted universal quantum computing on continuous-variable (CV) platforms. This protocol is highly experimentally-friendly to the client, as it only requires Gaussian-operation capabilities…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-11 Nana Liu , Tommaso F. Demarie , Si-Hui Tan , Leandro Aolita , Joseph F. Fitzsimons

Blind quantum computation protocols allow a user with limited quantum technology to delegate an intractable computation to a quantum server while keeping the computation perfectly secret. Whereas in some protocols a user can verify that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-04 Kentaro Honda

Blind quantum computing (BQC) is a promising application of distributed quantum systems, where a client can perform computations on a remote server without revealing any details of the applied circuit. While the most promising realizations…