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Related papers: Machine Theory of Mind

200 papers

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to infer others' knowledge, intentions, and emotions, is commonly evaluated in large language models (LLMs) using end-point question answering, where performance is judged solely by the final answer to a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Adam Bawatneh , Sagar Sapkota , Amrit Singh Bedi , Santu Karmaker , Mubarak Shah

Theory of Mind (ToM) is central to social cognition and human-AI interaction, and Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used to help understand and represent ToM. However, most evaluations treat ToM as a static judgment at a single moment,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Thuy Ngoc Nguyen , Duy Nhat Phan , Cleotilde Gonzalez

"Thinking is for Doing." Humans can infer other people's mental states from observations--an ability called Theory-of-Mind (ToM)--and subsequently act pragmatically on those inferences. Existing question answering benchmarks such as ToMi…

The mental models that humans form of other agents---encapsulating human beliefs about agent goals, intentions, capabilities, and more---create an underlying basis for interaction. These mental models have the potential to affect both the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Connor Brooks , Daniel Szafir

Pragmatics studies how context can contribute to language meanings. In human communication, language is never interpreted out of context, and sentences can usually convey more information than their literal meanings. However, this mechanism…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Luyao Yuan , Zipeng Fu , Jingyue Shen , Lu Xu , Junhong Shen , Song-Chun Zhu

When developing AI systems that interact with humans, it is essential to design both a system that can understand humans, and a system that humans can understand. Most deep network based agent-modeling approaches are 1) not interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Ini Oguntola , Dana Hughes , Katia Sycara

Autonomous robots need to be able to adapt to unforeseen situations and to acquire new skills through trial and error. Reinforcement learning in principle offers a suitable methodological framework for this kind of autonomous learning.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-08-02 Nikolas J. Hemion

In recent years, evaluating the Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities of large language models (LLMs) has received significant attention within the research community. As the field rapidly evolves, navigating the diverse approaches and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Karahan Sarıtaş , Kıvanç Tezören , Yavuz Durmazkeser

Agent-based modelling is a powerful tool when simulating human systems, yet when human behaviour cannot be described by simple rules or maximising one's own profit, we quickly reach the limits of this methodology. Machine learning has the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Georg Jäger , Daniel Reisinger

A major challenge for Multi-Agent Systems is enabling agents to adapt dynamically to diverse environments in which opponents and teammates may continually change. Agents trained using conventional methods tend to excel only within the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Qian Long , Ruoyan Li , Minglu Zhao , Tao Gao , Demetri Terzopoulos

As large language models evolve, there is growing anticipation that they will emulate human-like Theory of Mind (ToM) to assist with routine tasks. However, existing methods for evaluating machine ToM focus primarily on unimodal models and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xinyang Li , Siqi Liu , Bochao Zou , Jiansheng Chen , Huimin Ma

To what degree should we ascribe cognitive capacities to Large Language Models (LLMs), such as the ability to reason about intentions and beliefs known as Theory of Mind (ToM)? Here we add to this emerging debate by (i) testing 11 base- and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Max J. van Duijn , Bram M. A. van Dijk , Tom Kouwenhoven , Werner de Valk , Marco R. Spruit , Peter van der Putten

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across natural language reasoning tasks, yet their reasoning processes remain brittle and difficult to interpret. Prompting techniques like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Samir Abdaljalil , Hasan Kurban , Khalid Qaraqe , Erchin Serpedin

In this paper, we propose SwarmNet -- a neural network architecture that can learn to predict and imitate the behavior of an observed swarm of agents in a centralized manner. Tested on artificially generated swarm motion data, the network…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Siyu Zhou , Mariano Phielipp , Jorge A. Sefair , Sara I. Walker , Heni Ben Amor

Social learning is a powerful mechanism through which agents learn about the world from others. However, humans don't always choose to observe others, since social learning can carry time and cognitive resource costs. How do people balance…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Lance Ying , Ryan Truong , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Samuel J. Gershman

Social learning constitutes a fundamental framework for studying interactions among rational agents who observe each other's actions but lack direct access to individual beliefs. This paper investigates a specific social learning paradigm…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Andrea Da Col , Cristian R. Rojas , Vikram Krishnamurthy

The aim of this paper is to address the question: Can an artificial neural network (ANN) model be used as a possible characterization of the power of the human mind? We will discuss what might be the relationship between such a model and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-11-23 Hector Zenil , Francisco Hernandez-Quiroz

Our ability to interpret others' mental states through nonverbal cues (NVCs) is fundamental to our survival and social cohesion. While existing Theory of Mind (ToM) benchmarks have primarily focused on false-belief tasks and reasoning with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Seungbeen Lee , Jinhong Jeong , Donghyun Kim , Yejin Son , Youngjae Yu

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand the mental states of oneself and others, remains a challenging area for large language models (LLMs), which often fail to predict human mental states accurately. In this paper, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Prameshwar Thiyagarajan , Vaishnavi Parimi , Shamant Sai , Soumil Garg , Zhangir Meirbek , Nitin Yarlagadda , Kevin Zhu , Chris Kim

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive zero-shot and few-shot generalization capabilities across complex natural language tasks, enabling their widespread use as virtual assistants for diverse applications such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Arjun Vaithilingam Sudhakar