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The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents typically learn tabula rasa, without prior knowledge of the world. However, if initialized with knowledge of high-level subgoals and transitions between subgoals, RL agents could utilize this Abstract…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Kolby Nottingham , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Alane Suhr , Yejin Choi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Sameer Singh , Roy Fox

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs), the task of theorem proving still remains one of the hardest reasoning tasks that is far from being fully solved. Prior methods using language models have demonstrated promising results,…

We present the definition of the logical framework TF, the Type Framework. TF is a lambda-free logical framework; it does not include lambda-abstraction or product kinds. We give formal proofs of several results in the metatheory of TF, and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-11-18 Robin Adams

Evaluating the mathematical capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical yet challenging frontier. Existing benchmarks fall short, particularly for proof-centric problems, as manual creation is unscalable and costly, leaving the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yebo Peng , Zixiang Liu , Yaoming Li , Zhizhuo Yang , Xinye Xu , Bowen Ye , Weijun Yuan , Zihan Wang , Tong Yang

Enhancing the mathematical reasoning of large language models (LLMs) demands high-quality training data, yet conventional methods face critical challenges in scalability, cost, and data reliability. To address these limitations, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Sirui Chen , Changxin Tian , Binbin Hu , Kunlong Chen , Ziqi Liu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

We present HADA (Human-AI Agent Decision Alignment), a protocol- and framework agnostic reference architecture that keeps both large language model (LLM) agents and legacy algorithms aligned with organizational targets and values. HADA…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Tapio Pitkäranta , Leena Pitkäranta

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as scalable evaluators of model responses in lieu of human annotators. However, imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the LLM judges induce bias in naive evaluation scores. We propose a simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chungpa Lee , Thomas Zeng , Jongwon Jeong , Jy-yong Sohn , Kangwook Lee

Over the past decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had great success recently and is being used in a wide range of academic and industrial fields. More recently, LLMs have made rapid advancements that have propelled AI to a new level,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Da Song , Xuan Xie , Jiayang Song , Derui Zhu , Yuheng Huang , Felix Juefei-Xu , Lei Ma

Debiased machine learning estimators for smooth functionals in nonparametric models can exhibit substantial variability and instability, often leading practitioners to instead rely on parametric or semiparametric working models. Such…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-20 Lars van der Laan , Marco Carone , Alex Luedtke , Mark van der Laan

As the development of formal proofs is a time-consuming task, it is important to devise ways of sharing the already written proofs to prevent wasting time redoing them. One of the challenges in this domain is to translate proofs written in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Thiago Felicissimo , Frédéric Blanqui , Ashish Kumar Barnawal

Large Language Models have evolved from single-round generators into long-horizon agents, capable of complex text synthesis scenarios. However, current evaluation frameworks lack the ability to assess the actual synthesis operations, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Andrew Zhuoer Feng , Cunxiang Wang , Yu Luo , Bosi Wen , Yidong Wang , Lin Fan , Yilin Zhou , Zikang Wang , Wenbo Yu , Lindong Wu , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable progress in formal theorem proving. Yet their ability to serve as practical assistants for mathematicians, filling in missing steps within complex proofs, remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Xiao-Wen Yang , Zihao Zhang , Jianuo Cao , Zhi Zhou , Zenan Li , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yuan Yao , Taolue Chen , Yu-Feng Li , Xiaoxing Ma

While transformer models have been highly successful, they are computationally inefficient. We observe that for each layer, the full width of the layer may be needed only for a small subset of tokens inside a batch and that the "effective"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Bartosz Wójcik , Alessio Devoto , Karol Pustelnik , Pasquale Minervini , Simone Scardapane

The scientific community increasingly relies on machine learning (ML) for near-sensor processing, leveraging its strengths in tasks such as pattern recognition, anomaly detection, and real-time decision-making. These deployments demand…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-30 G Abarajithan , Zhenghua Ma , Ravidu Munasinghe , Francesco Restuccia , Ryan Kastner

Neuro-symbolic reasoning increasingly demands frameworks that unite the formal rigor of logic with the interpretability of large language models (LLMs). We introduce an end to end explainability by construction pipeline integrating the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yang Xu , Jun Liu , Shuwei Chen , Chris Nugent , Hailing Guo

Abstract Dialectical Frameworks (ADFs) are argumentation frameworks where each node is associated with an acceptance condition. This allows us to model different types of dependencies as supports and attacks. Previous studies provided a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-24 João Alcântara , Samy Sá , Juan Acosta-Guadarrama

We present Metatheory, a comprehensive library for programming language foundations in Lean 4. The library features a modular framework for proving confluence of abstract rewriting systems using three classical proof techniques: the diamond…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Arthur Ramos , Anjolina Oliveira , Ruy de Queiroz , Tiago de Veras

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in solving mathematical reasoning tasks, leveraging Chain-of-Thought (CoT) data as a vital component in guiding answer generation. Current paradigms typically generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Honglin Lin , Zhuoshi Pan , Yu Li , Qizhi Pei , Xin Gao , Mengzhang Cai , Conghui He , Lijun Wu

Linear algebra is a major field of numerical computation and is widely applied. Most linear algebra libraries (in most programming languages) do not statically guarantee consistency of the dimensions of vectors and matrices, causing runtime…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2015-12-08 Akinori Abe , Eijiro Sumii