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Graph Transformers are popular neural networks that extend the well-known Transformer architecture to the graph domain. These architectures operate by applying self-attention on graph nodes and incorporating graph structure through the use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Linus Bao , Emily Jin , Michael Bronstein , İsmail İlkan Ceylan , Matthias Lanzinger

For a well-studied family of domination-type problems, in bounded-treewidth graphs, we investigate whether it is possible to find faster algorithms. For sets $\sigma,\rho$ of non-negative integers, a $(\sigma,\rho)$-set of a graph $G$ is a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jacob Focke , Dániel Marx , Fionn Mc Inerney , Daniel Neuen , Govind S. Sankar , Philipp Schepper , Philip Wellnitz

A graph class is monotone if it is closed under taking subgraphs. It is known that a monotone class defined by finitely many obstructions has bounded treewidth if and only if one of the obstructions is a so-called tripod, that is, a…

We study the problem #IndSub(P) of counting all induced subgraphs of size k in a graph G that satisfy the property P. This problem was introduced by Jerrum and Meeks and shown to be #W[1]-hard when parameterized by k for some families of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Julian Dörfler , Marc Roth , Johannes Schmitt , Philip Wellnitz

We investigate a notion of $\times$-homotopy of graph maps that is based on the internal hom associated to the categorical product in the category of graphs. It is shown that graph $\times$-homotopy is characterized by the topological…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-07 Anton Dochtermann

We prove that in the Solovay model every OD graph G on reals satisfies one and only one of the following two conditions: (I) G admits an OD colouring by ordinals; (II) there exists a continuous homomorphism of G_0 into G, where G_0 is a…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-08-22 Vladimir Kanovei

The graph homomorphism problem (HOM) asks whether the vertices of a given $n$-vertex graph $G$ can be mapped to the vertices of a given $h$-vertex graph $H$ such that each edge of $G$ is mapped to an edge of $H$. The problem generalizes the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-20 Fedor V. Fomin , Alexander Golovnev , Alexander S. Kulikov , Ivan Mihajlin

The Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman (AHU) algorithm has been the state of the art since the 1970s for determining in linear time whether two unordered rooted trees are isomorphic or not. However, it has been criticized (by Campbell and Radford)…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Florian Ingels

We construct a pair of non-isomorphic, bipartite graphs which are not distinguished by counting the number of homomorphisms to any tree. This answers a question motivated by Atserias et al. (LICS 2021). In order to establish the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Anuj Dawar

We prove that graphs G, G' satisfy the same sentences of first-order logic with counting of quantifier rank at most k if and only if they are homomorphism-indistinguishable over the class of all graphs of tree depth at most k. Here G, G'…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-19 Martin Grohe

The dichotomy conjecture for the parameterized embedding problem states that the problem of deciding whether a given graph $G$ from some class $K$ of "pattern graphs" can be embedded into a given graph $H$ (that is, is isomorphic to a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Yijia Chen , Martin Grohe , Bingkai Lin

Fix a finite group $G$. We study the computational complexity of counting problems of the following flavor: given a group $\Gamma$, count the number of homomorphisms $\Gamma \to G$. Our first result establishes that this problem is…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-22 Eric Samperton , Armin Weiß

Graph spectra are an important class of structural features on graphs that have shown promising results in enhancing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Despite their widespread practical use, the theoretical understanding of the power of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jingchu Gai , Yiheng Du , Bohang Zhang , Haggai Maron , Liwei Wang

Holant problems are a general framework to study the algorithmic complexity of counting problems. Both counting constraint satisfaction problems and graph homomorphisms are special cases. All previous results of Holant problems are over the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-07-11 Jin-Yi Cai , Pinyan Lu , Mingji Xia

A retraction is a homomorphism from a graph $G$ to an induced subgraph $H$ of $G$ that is the identity on $H$. In a long line of research, retractions have been studied under various algorithmic settings. Recently, the problem of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Jacob Focke , Leslie Ann Goldberg , Stanislav Živný

Given a symmetric matrix $M\in \{0,1,*\}^{D\times D}$, an $M$-partition of a graph $G$ is a function from $V(G)$ to $D$ such that no edge of $G$ is mapped to a $0$ of $M$ and no non-edge to a $1$. We give a computer-assisted proof that,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-06-30 Martin Dyer , Leslie Ann Goldberg , David Richerby

We generalize some homotopy calculation techniques such as splittings and matching trees that are introduced for the computations in the case of the independence complexes of graphs to arbitrary simplicial complexes, and exemplify their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-28 Demet Taylan

Recently, the theory of dense graph limits has received attention from multiple disciplines including graph theory, computer science, statistical physics, probability, statistics, and group theory. In this paper we initiate the study of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-09 Peter Diao , Dominique Guillot , Apoorva Khare , Bala Rajaratnam

We completely classify the computational complexity of the list H-colouring problem for graphs (with possible loops) in combinatorial and algebraic terms: for every graph H the problem is either NP-complete, NL-complete, L-complete or is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-02-03 Laszlo Egri , Andrei Krokhin , Benoit Larose , Pascal Tesson

A set of graphs is said to be independent if there is no homomorphism between distinct graphs from the set. We consider the existence problems related to the independent sets of countable graphs. While the maximal size of an independent set…

Logic · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Jaroslav Nešetřil , Saharon Shelah