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Although deep learning has shown its powerful performance in many applications, the mathematical principles behind neural networks are still mysterious. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning a one-hidden-layer neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Shuhao Xia , Yuanming Shi

Understanding how deep neural networks learn useful internal representations from data remains a central open problem in the theory of deep learning. We introduce Neural Low-Degree Filtering (Neural LoFi), a stylized limit of gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yatin Dandi , Matteo Vilucchio , Luca Arnaboldi , Hugo Tabanelli , Florent Krzakala

In this paper, we adopt a probability distribution estimation perspective to explore the optimization mechanisms of supervised classification using deep neural networks. We demonstrate that, when employing the Fenchel-Young loss, despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Binchuan Qi , Wei Gong , Li Li

We consider the dynamic of gradient descent for learning a two-layer neural network. We assume the input $x\in\mathbb{R}^d$ is drawn from a Gaussian distribution and the label of $x$ satisfies $f^{\star}(x) = a^{\top}|W^{\star}x|$, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Yuanzhi Li , Tengyu Ma , Hongyang R. Zhang

Natural gradient descent has a remarkable property that in the small learning rate limit, it displays an invariance with respect to network reparameterizations, leading to robust training behavior even for highly covariant network…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-11 Christian Goodbrake

Gradient descent and coordinate descent are well understood in terms of their asymptotic behavior, but less so in a transient regime often used for approximations in machine learning. We investigate how proper initialization can have a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Hadi Daneshmand , Hamed Hassani , Thomas Hofmann

It is well understood that neural networks with carefully hand-picked weights provide powerful function approximation and that they can be successfully trained in over-parametrized regimes. Since over-parametrization ensures zero training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 G. Welper

A leading hypothesis for the surprising generalization of neural networks is that the dynamics of gradient descent bias the model towards simple solutions, by searching through the solution space in an incremental order of complexity. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Daniel Gissin , Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Amit Daniely

The past decade has witnessed a successful application of deep learning to solving many challenging problems in machine learning and artificial intelligence. However, the loss functions of deep neural networks (especially nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-23 Yi Zhou , Yingbin Liang

We derive fundamental lower bounds on the connectivity and the memory requirements of deep neural networks guaranteeing uniform approximation rates for arbitrary function classes in $L^2(\mathbb R^d)$. In other words, we establish a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Helmut Bölcskei , Philipp Grohs , Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen

Understanding the advantages of deep neural networks trained by gradient descent (GD) compared to shallow models remains an open theoretical challenge. In this paper, we introduce a class of target functions (single and multi-index Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-17 Yatin Dandi , Luca Pesce , Lenka Zdeborová , Florent Krzakala

We study the training of deep neural networks by gradient descent where floating-point arithmetic is used to compute the gradients. In this framework and under realistic assumptions, we demonstrate that it is highly unlikely to find ReLU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Clemens Karner , Vladimir Kazeev , Philipp Christian Petersen

We provide an improved analysis of standard differentially private gradient descent for linear regression under the squared error loss. Under modest assumptions on the input, we characterize the distribution of the iterate at each time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Gavin Brown , Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Georgina Evans , Daogao Liu , Adam Smith , Abhradeep Thakurta

This work attempts to interpret modern deep (convolutional) networks from the principles of rate reduction and (shift) invariant classification. We show that the basic iterative gradient ascent scheme for optimizing the rate reduction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Kwan Ho Ryan Chan , Yaodong Yu , Chong You , Haozhi Qi , John Wright , Yi Ma

Decision Trees (DTs) are commonly used for many machine learning tasks due to their high degree of interpretability. However, learning a DT from data is a difficult optimization problem, as it is non-convex and non-differentiable.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Sascha Marton , Stefan Lüdtke , Christian Bartelt , Heiner Stuckenschmidt

Despite the recent success of stochastic gradient descent in deep learning, it is often difficult to train a deep neural network with an inappropriate choice of its initial parameters. Even if training is successful, it has been known that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Cheolhyoung Lee , Kyunghyun Cho

The simplicity of gradient descent (GD) made it the default method for training ever-deeper and complex neural networks. Both loss functions and architectures are often explicitly tuned to be amenable to this basic local optimization. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Dmitrii Marin , Meng Tang , Ismail Ben Ayed , Yuri Boykov

Noisy gradient descent and its variants are the predominant algorithms for differentially private machine learning. It is a fundamental question to quantify their privacy leakage, yet tight characterizations remain open even in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Jinho Bok , Weijie Su , Jason M. Altschuler

In deep learning, a central issue is to understand how neural networks efficiently learn high-dimensional features. To this end, we explore the gradient descent learning of a general Gaussian Multi-index model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-06 Bohan Zhang , Zihao Wang , Hengyu Fu , Jason D. Lee

We analyze the convergence rate of gradient flows on objective functions induced by Dropout and Dropconnect, when applying them to shallow linear Neural Networks (NNs) - which can also be viewed as doing matrix factorization using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Albert Senen-Cerda , Jaron Sanders