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The increasing popularity of e-learning has created demand for improving online education through techniques such as predictive analytics and content recommendations. In this paper, we study learner outcome predictions, i.e., predictions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-24 Yuwei Tu , Weiyu Chen , Christopher G. Brinton

Transformer-based language models are widely deployed for reasoning, yet their behavior under inference-time stochasticity remains underexplored. While dropout is common during training, its inference-time effects via Monte Carlo sampling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Antônio Junior Alves Caiado , Michael Hahsler

In the educational domain, identifying students at risk of dropping out is essential for allowing educators to intervene effectively, improving both academic outcomes and overall student well-being. Data in educational settings often…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jiabei Cheng , Zhen-Qun Yang , Jiannong Cao , Yu Yang , Kai Cheung Franky Poon , Daniel Lai

Previous studies that used data from Stack Overflow to develop predictive models often employed limited benchmarks of 3-5 models or adopted arbitrary selection methods. Despite being insightful, their limited scope suggests the need to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Elijah Zolduoarrati , Sherlock A. Licorish , Nigel Stanger

Machine Learning (ML) models are increasingly deployed in the wild to perform a wide range of tasks. In this work, we ask to what extent can an adversary steal functionality of such "victim" models based solely on blackbox interactions:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Tribhuvanesh Orekondy , Bernt Schiele , Mario Fritz

Student dropout prediction is an indispensable for numerous intelligent systems to measure the education system and success rate of any university as well as throughout the university in the world. Therefore, it becomes essential to develop…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-05-16 Sweta Rai

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are the road that led to a revolution and a new era of learning environments. Educational institutions have come under pressure to adopt new models that assure openness in their education distribution.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-06-21 Mohammad Khalil , Martin Ebner

Student dropout in distance learning remains a critical challenge, with profound societal and economic consequences. While classical machine learning models leverage structured socio-demographic and behavioral data, they often fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Miloud Mihoubi , Meriem Zerkouk , Belkacem Chikhaoui

Education plays a pivotal role in alleviating poverty, driving economic growth, and empowering individuals, thereby significantly influencing societal and personal development. However, the persistent issue of school dropout poses a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Maria Psyridou , Fabi Prezja , Minna Torppa , Marja-Kristiina Lerkkanen , Anna-Maija Poikkeus , Kati Vasalampi

The uncertainty measurement of classifiers' predictions is especially important in applications such as medical diagnoses that need to ensure limited human resources can focus on the most uncertain predictions returned by machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Xuchao Zhang , Fanglan Chen , Chang-Tien Lu , Naren Ramakrishnan

Data for Image segmentation models can be costly to obtain due to the precision required by human annotators. We run a series of experiments showing the effect of different kinds of Dropout training on the DeepLabv3+ Image segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Thomas Spilsbury , Paavo Camps

In this paper we present a method of modeling and analysis that permits the extraction and quantitative display of detailed information about the effects of instruction on a class's knowledge. The method relies on a congitive model that…

Physics Education · Physics 2012-09-05 Lei Bao , Edward F. Redish

Understanding the influence of a training instance on a neural network model leads to improving interpretability. However, it is difficult and inefficient to evaluate the influence, which shows how a model's prediction would be changed if a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Sosuke Kobayashi , Sho Yokoi , Jun Suzuki , Kentaro Inui

The evaluation of supervised machine learning models is a critical stage in the development of reliable predictive systems. Despite the widespread availability of machine learning libraries and automated workflows, model assessment is often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Xuanyan Liu , Ignacio Cabrera Martin , Marcello Trovati , Xiaolong Xu , Nikolaos Polatidis

Traditional evaluation metrics for learned models that report aggregate scores over a test set are insufficient for surfacing important and informative patterns of failure over features and instances. We introduce and study a method aimed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Sahil Singla , Besmira Nushi , Shital Shah , Ece Kamar , Eric Horvitz

The masking-one-out (MOO) procedure, masking an observed entry and comparing it versus its imputed values, is a very common procedure for comparing imputation models. We study the optimum of this procedure and generalize it to a missing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-14 Yanjiao Yang , Daniel Suen , Yen-Chi Chen

In this work, the problem of predicting dropout risk in undergraduate studies is addressed from a perspective of algorithmic fairness. We develop a machine learning method to predict the risks of university dropout and underperformance. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Marzieh Karimi-Haghighi , Carlos Castillo , Davinia Hernandez-Leo , Veronica Moreno Oliver

Student dropout is a significant concern for educational institutions due to its social and economic impact, driving the need for risk prediction systems to identify at-risk students before enrollment. We explore the accuracy of such…

The recently introduced dropout training criterion for neural networks has been the subject of much attention due to its simplicity and remarkable effectiveness as a regularizer, as well as its interpretation as a training procedure for an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-01-03 David Warde-Farley , Ian J. Goodfellow , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

Dropout is a widely used regularization trick to resolve the overfitting issue in large feedforward neural networks trained on a small dataset, which performs poorly on the held-out test subset. Although the effectiveness of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Suman Adhya , Avishek Lahiri , Debarshi Kumar Sanyal