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The Tor network provides users with strong anonymity by routing their internet traffic through multiple relays. While Tor encrypts traffic and hides IP addresses, it remains vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks such as the website…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yuwen Cui , Guangjing Wang , Khanh Vu , Kai Wei , Kehan Shen , Zhengyuan Jiang , Xiao Han , Ning Wang , Zhuo Lu , Yao Liu

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks are used by local passive attackers to determine the destination of encrypted internet traffic by comparing the sequences of packets sent to and received by the user to a previously recorded data set. As…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-23 James K Holland , Nicholas Hopper

In recent years, there have been several works that use website fingerprinting techniques to enable a local adversary to determine which website a Tor user visits. While the current state-of-the-art attack, which uses deep learning,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-25 Sanjit Bhat , David Lu , Albert Kwon , Srinivas Devadas

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is a type of traffic analysis attack that enables a local passive eavesdropper to infer the victim's activity, even when the traffic is protected by a VPN or an anonymity system like Tor. Leveraging a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Mohammad Saidur Rahman , Mohsen Imani , Nate Mathews , Matthew Wright

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks raise major concerns about users' privacy. They employ Machine Learning (ML) to allow a local passive adversary to uncover the Web browsing behavior of a user, even if she browses through an encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-08 Giovanni Cherubin

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is an effective tool for regulating and governing the dark web. However, its performance can be significantly degraded by backdoor poisoning attacks in practical deployments. This paper aims to address the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yali Yuan , Kai Xu , Ruolin Ma , Yuchen Zhang

Phishing is an increasingly sophisticated form of cyberattack that is inflicting huge financial damage to corporations throughout the globe while also jeopardizing individuals' privacy. Attackers are constantly devising new methods of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Asif Newaz , Farhan Shahriyar Haq , Nadim Ahmed

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) uses deep learning models to classify encrypted network traffic to infer visited websites. While historically effective, prior methods fail to generalize to modern web environments. Single-page applications…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Chuxu Song , Dheekshith Dev Manohar Mekala , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is considered a major threat to the anonymity of Tor users (and other anonymity systems). While state-of-the-art WF techniques have claimed high attack accuracies, e.g., by leveraging Deep Neural Networks (DNN),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Alireza Bahramali , Ardavan Bozorgi , Amir Houmansadr

Tor provides low-latency anonymous and uncensored network access against a local or network adversary. Due to the design choice to minimize traffic overhead (and increase the pool of potential users) Tor allows some information about the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Shuai Li , Huajun Guo , Nicholas Hopper

Website fingerprinting attacks enable an adversary to infer which website a victim is visiting, even if the victim uses an encrypting proxy, such as Tor. Previous work has shown that all proposed defenses against website fingerprinting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-01-24 Xiang Cai , Rishab Nithyanand , Rob Johnson

A passive local eavesdropper can leverage Website Fingerprinting (WF) to deanonymize the web browsing activity of Tor users. The value of timing information to WF has often been discounted in recent works due to the volatility of low-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Mohammad Saidur Rahman , Payap Sirinam , Nate Mathews , Kantha Girish Gangadhara , Matthew Wright

Browser fingerprinting often provides an attractive alternative to third-party cookies for tracking users across the web. In fact, the increasing restrictions on third-party cookies placed by common web browsers and recent regulations like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Meenatchi Sundaram Muthu Selva Annamalai , Igor Bilogrevic , Emiliano De Cristofaro

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) has traditionally focused on inferring which website a user visits from encrypted traffic metadata such as packet sizes and timing. In this paper, we identify and quantify a new privacy risk in modern web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chuxu Song , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Adversarial attacks have been widely studied for general classification tasks, but remain unexplored in the context of fine-grained recognition, where the inter-class similarities facilitate the attacker's task. In this paper, we identify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Krishna Kanth Nakka , Mathieu Salzmann

We measure how effective Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) are at protecting users from website fingerprinting. Our measurements use both experimental and observational methods. Experimental methods allow control, precision, and use on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Amit Datta , Jianan Lu , Michael Carl Tschantz

DNS over TLS (DoT) and DNS over HTTPS (DoH) encrypt DNS to guard user privacy by hiding DNS resolutions from passive adversaries. Yet, past attacks have shown that encrypted DNS is still sensitive to traffic analysis. As a consequence, RFC…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Jonas Bushart , Christian Rossow

Internet users are vulnerable to privacy attacks despite the use of encryption. Webpage fingerprinting, an attack that analyzes encrypted traffic, can identify the webpages visited by a user in a given website. Recent research works have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Gargi Mitra , Prasanna Karthik Vairam , Sandip Saha , Nitin Chandrachoodan , V. Kamakoti

TOR (The Onion Router) network is a widely used open source anonymous communication tool, the abuse of TOR makes it difficult to monitor the proliferation of online crimes such as to access criminal websites. Most existing approches for TOR…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Haili Sun , Yan Huang , Lansheng Han , Xiang Long , Hongle Liu , Chunjie Zhou

Network fingerprinting is used to identify applications, provide insight into network traffic, and detect malicious activity. With the broad adoption of TLS, traditional fingerprinting techniques that rely on clear-text data are no longer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Blake Anderson , David McGrew