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New observational data, measured with a high degree of accuracy, of compact isolated neutron stars and binary stars in gravitational wave remnants have the potential to explore the strong field gravity. Within the framework of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-06 Naosad Alam , Subrata Pal , A. Rahmansyah , A. Sulaksono

A simple generalization to Einstein's general relativity (GR) was recently proposed which allows a correction term $T_{\alpha\beta}T^{\alpha\beta}$ in the action functional of the theory. This theory is called Energy-Momentum Squared…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-07-25 Nasrin Nari , Mahmood Roshan

Neutron stars (NSs), superdense objects with exceptionally strong gravitational fields, provide an ideal laboratory for probing general relativity (GR) in the high-curvature regime. They also present an exciting opportunity to explore new…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-02 Sayantan Ghosh

In this work, we present a review of Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity (EMSG) -- more specifically, $f(R,T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ gravity, where $R$ represents the Ricci scalar and $T_{\mu\nu}$ denotes the energy-momentum tensor. The inclusion…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-27 Ricardo A. C. Cipriano , Nailya Ganiyeva , Tiberiu Harko , Francisco S. N. Lobo , Miguel A. S. Pinto , João Luís Rosa

In this study, we investigate the effect of Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity (EMSG) on the curvature of neutron stars (NSs) by using three relativistic mean-field (RMF) equations of state (EOSs) and three hadron-quark phase transition (HQPT)…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-02-02 Sayantan Ghosh , Bharat Kumar , Subhash Mahapatra

Scale-independent energy-momentum squared gravity (EMSG) allows different gravitational couplings for different types of sources and has been proven to have interesting implications in cosmology. In this paper, the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-26 Dukjae Jang , Mayukh R. Gangopadhyay , Myung-Ki Cheoun , Toshitaka Kajino , M. Sami

Scale-independent EMSG is a particular model of energy-momentum squared gravity (EMSG) in which the new terms in the Einstein field equations arising from the EMSG theory enter with the same power as the usual terms from Einstein-Hilbert…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-02-24 Ozgur Akarsu , N. Merve Uzun

We explore the weak field and slow motion limits, Newtonian and Post-Newtonian limits, of the energy-momentum powered gravity (EMPG), viz., the energy-momentum squared gravity (EMSG) of the form $f(T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})=\alpha…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-21 Ozgur Akarsu , A. Kazim Camlibel , Nihan Katirci , Ibrahim Semiz , N. Merve Uzun

In this work, we extend the standard cosmological model within the quadratic energy-momentum squared gravity (qEMSG) framework, introducing a nonminimal interaction between the usual material field ($T_{\mu\nu}$) and its accompanying…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-26 Ozgur Akarsu , Mariam Bouhmadi-López , Nihan Katirci , N. Merve Uzun

We investigate the linear cosmological perturbations in the context of the so-called energy-momentum squared gravity (EMSG) theory. Recent researches show that the EMSG theory can reproduce viable background cosmological evolution…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-17 Qi-Ming Fu , Xin Zhang

Proto-neutron stars (PNSs) are the hot, lepton-rich remnants of the core collapse supernovae, which go through a cooling phase and become cold, stable Neutron stars (NSs). Since PNSs are also superdense objects with strong gravitational…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-02-03 Sayantan Ghosh

In this paper, we introduce the post-Minkowskian approximation of Energy-Momentum-Squared Gravity (EMSG). This approximation is used to study the gravitational energy flux in the context of EMSG. As an application of our results, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-02-14 Elham Nazari , Mahmood Roshan , Ivan De Martino

Energy Momentum Squared Gravity (EMSG) is a cosmological model where the scale factor is non vanishing at all times and hence does not favor big bang cosmology. However, the profile of density in the radiation dominated universe shows that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-01-22 S. Bhattacharjee , P. K. Sahoo

In this paper, we introduce a scale-independent energy-momentum squared gravity (EMSG) that allows different gravitational couplings for different types of sources, which may lead to scenarios with many interesting applications/implications…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-09-25 Ozgur Akarsu , Nihan Katirci , Suresh Kumar , Rafael C. Nunes , M. Sami

In the energy-momentum squared gravity (EMSG), the matter energy-momentum tensor is not conserved due to nonminimal interaction between the usual and modified matter fields. For this reason, the $N$-body acceleration may host the EMSG…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-20 Elham Nazari

We investigate the post-Newtonian (PN) dynamics of energy-momentum squared gravity (EMSG), with particular emphasis on the possibility of self-acceleration in $N$-body systems. A central challenge in matter-type modified gravity theories,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-12 Elham Nazari

Employing the spherical collapse (SC) formalism, we investigate the linear evolution of the matter over-density for energy-momentum-squared gravity (EMSG), which in practical phenomenological terms, one may imagine as an extension of the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-26 Bita Farsi , Ahmad Sheykhi , Mohsen Khodadi

We analyze the early-time isotropic cosmology in the so-called energy-momentum-squared gravity (EMSG). In this theory, a $T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu}$ term is added to the Einstein-Hilbert action, which has been shown to replace the initial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-03-09 Ahmed H. Barbar , Adel M. Awad , Mohammad T. AlFiky

We study the structure of quark stars (QSs) adopting homogeneously confined matter inside the star with a 3-flavor neutral charge and a fixed strange quark mass $m_s$. We explore the internal structure, and the physical properties of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-23 Takol Tangphati , Indrani Karar , Ayan Banerjee , Anirudh Pradhan

In the momentarily comoving frame of a cosmological fluid, the determinant of the energy-momentum tensor (EMT) is highly sensitive to its pressure. This component is significant during radiation-dominated epochs and becomes naturally…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-27 Hemza Azri , Kemal Gültekin , Adrian K. E. Tee
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