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The independent evolution of intelligence in biological and artificial systems offers a unique opportunity to identify its fundamental computational principles. Here we show that large language models spontaneously develop synergistic cores…

How universal is human conceptual structure? The way concepts are organized in the human brain may reflect distinct features of cultural, historical, and environmental background in addition to properties universal to human cognition.…

The brain is a highly complex organ consisting of a myriad of subsystems that flexibly interact and adapt over time and context to enable perception, cognition, and behavior. Understanding the multi-scale nature of the brain, i.e., how…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-17 Adam S. Charles

Categories provide a coarse grained description of the world. A fundamental question is whether categories simply mirror an underlying structure of nature, or instead come from the complex interactions of human beings among themselves and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2008-06-19 Andrea Puglisi , Andrea Baronchelli , Vittorio Loreto

Analogical reasoning is at the core of human cognition, serving as an important foundation for a variety of intellectual activities. While prior work has shown that LLMs can represent task patterns and surface-level concepts, it remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Taewhoo Lee , Minju Song , Chanwoong Yoon , Jungwoo Park , Jaewoo Kang

Language is crucial for human intelligence, but what exactly is its role? We take language to be a part of a system for understanding and communicating about situations. The human ability to understand and communicate about situations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-07 James L. McClelland , Felix Hill , Maja Rudolph , Jason Baldridge , Hinrich Schütze

The human brain is ultimately responsible for all thoughts and movements that the body produces. This allows humans to successfully interact with their environment. If the brain is not functioning properly many abilities of human can be…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-07-09 Esmaeil Seraj

Intelligent systems must maintain and manipulate task-relevant information online to adapt to dynamic environments and changing goals. This capacity, known as working memory, is fundamental to human reasoning and intelligence. Despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hua-Dong Xiong , Li Ji-An , Jiaqi Huang , Robert C. Wilson , Kwonjoon Lee , Xue-Xin Wei

The human brains are organized into hierarchically modular networks facilitating efficient and stable information processing and supporting diverse cognitive processes during the course of development. While the remarkable reconfiguration…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-09-16 Xuyun Wen , Liming Hsu , Weili Lin , Han Zhang , Dinggang Shen

In many body systems, constituents interact with each other, forming a recursive pattern of mutual interaction and giving rise to many interesting phenomena. Based upon concepts of the modern many body theory, a model for a generic many…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 Zhen Ye

To better understand existing LLMs, we may examine the human mental (cognitive/psychological) architecture, and its components and structures. Based on psychological, philosophical, and cognitive science literatures, it is argued that,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-29 Ron Sun

Recent studies suggest that the representations learned by large language models (LLMs) are partially aligned to those of the human brain. However, whether and why this alignment score arises from a similar sequence of computations remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Joséphine Raugel , Stéphane d'Ascoli , Jérémy Rapin , Valentin Wyart , Jean-Rémi King

Elucidating the language-brain relationship requires bridging the methodological gap between the abstract theoretical frameworks of linguistics and the empirical neural data of neuroscience. Serving as an interdisciplinary cornerstone,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-16 Fudong Zhang , Bo Chai , Yujie Wu , Wai Ting Siok , Nizhuan Wang

Analogical reasoning -- the capacity to identify and map structural relationships between different domains -- is fundamental to human cognition and learning. Recent studies have shown that large language models (LLMs) can sometimes match…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Sam Musker , Alex Duchnowski , Raphaël Millière , Ellie Pavlick

Learning underlies nearly all human behavior and is central to education and education reform. Although recent advances in neuroscience have revealed the fundamental structure of learning processes, these insights have yet to be integrated…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Scott E. Allen , A. David Redish , René F. Kizilcec

Structured reasoning over natural language inputs remains a core challenge in artificial intelligence, as it requires bridging the gap between unstructured linguistic expressions and formal logical representations. In this paper, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Keying Yang , Hao Wang , Kai Yang

What is the relationship between brain and behavior? The answer to this question necessitates characterizing the mapping between structure and function. The aim of this paper is to discuss broad issues surrounding the link between structure…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-19 Luiz Pessoa

Language, as an information medium created by advanced organisms, has always been a concern of neuroscience regarding how it is represented in the brain. Decoding linguistic representations in the evoked brain has shown groundbreaking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Yu Wang , Heyang Liu , Yuhao Wang , Chuan Xuan , Yixuan Hou , Sheng Feng , Hongcheng Liu , Yusheng Liao , Yanfeng Wang

Language Models (LMs) have achieved impressive performance on various linguistic tasks, but their relationship to human language processing in the brain remains unclear. This paper examines the gaps and overlaps between LMs and the brain at…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-08 Tommaso Tosato , Pascal Jr Tikeng Notsawo , Saskia Helbling , Irina Rish , Guillaume Dumas

Organoids are prototypes of human organs derived from cultured human stem cells. They provide a reliable and accurate experimental model to study the physical mechanisms underlying the early developmental stages of human organs…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-02-12 Valentina Balbi , Michel Destrade , Alain Goriely