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Predicting conversion rate (e.g., the probability that a user will purchase an item) is a fundamental problem in machine learning based recommender systems. However, accurate conversion labels are revealed after a long delay, which harms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jia-Qi Yang , De-Chuan Zhan

Accurate post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is crucial for online advertising systems. Despite significant advances in causal approaches designed to address the Sample Selection Bias problem, CVR estimation still faces challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huajian Feng , Guoxiao Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yi We , Qiang Liu

In digital advertising, Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Conversion Rate (CVR) are very important metrics for evaluating ad performance. As a result, ad event prediction systems are vital and widely used for sponsored search and display…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Saeid Soheily Khah , Yiming Wu

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) is a reliable indicator of online customers' preferences, making it crucial for developing recommender systems. A major challenge in predicting CVR is severe selection bias, arising from users' inherent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbo Hu , Xin Sun , Qiang liu , Le Wu , Liang Wang

In the realm of online advertising, accurately predicting the conversion rate (CVR) is crucial for enhancing advertising efficiency and user satisfaction. This paper addresses the challenge of CVR prediction while adhering to user privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Kungang Li , Xiangyi Chen , Ling Leng , Jiajing Xu , Jiankai Sun , Behnam Rezaei

Delayed feedback poses a core challenge for online CVR prediction, forcing a trade-off between label accuracy and data freshness. Existing methods address this through delay modeling or sample reweighting, yet neglect how post-click…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xinyue Zhang , Yuanhao Ding , Xiang Ao

In recommender systems, post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is an essential task to model user preferences for items and estimate the value of recommendations. Sample selection bias (SSB) and data sparsity (DS) are two persistent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ke Fei , Xinyue Zhang , Jingjing Li

Accurately calculating time delays between signals is pivotal in many modern physics applications. One approach to estimating these delays is computing the cross-spectrum in the time-frequency domain. Linear time-frequency representations,…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-23 L. de A. Gurgel , J. M. de Araújo , L. D. Machado , P. D. S. de Lima

The goal of online display advertising is to entice users to "convert" (i.e., take a pre-defined action such as making a purchase) after clicking on the ad. An important measure of the value of an ad is the probability of conversion. The…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-25 Abdollah Safari , Rachel MacKay Altman , Thomas M. Loughin

Post-click conversion, as a strong signal indicating the user preference, is salutary for building recommender systems. However, accurately estimating the post-click conversion rate (CVR) is challenging due to the selection bias, i.e., the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Siyuan Guo , Lixin Zou , Yiding Liu , Wenwen Ye , Suqi Cheng , Shuaiqiang Wang , Hechang Chen , Dawei Yin , Yi Chang

Watch time is widely used as a proxy for user satisfaction in video recommendation platforms. However, raw watch times are influenced by confounding factors such as video duration, popularity, and individual user behaviors, potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Emily Liu , Kuan Han , Minfeng Zhan , Bocheng Zhao , Guanyu Mu , Yang Song

In recommendation scenarios, there are two long-standing challenges, i.e., selection bias and data sparsity, which lead to a significant drop in prediction accuracy for both Click-Through Rate (CTR) and post-click Conversion Rate (CVR)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Feng Zhu , Mingjie Zhong , Xinxing Yang , Longfei Li , Lu Yu , Tiehua Zhang , Jun Zhou , Chaochao Chen , Fei Wu , Guanfeng Liu , Yan Wang

In online advertising, it is highly important to predict the probability and the value of a conversion (e.g., a purchase). It not only impacts user experience by showing relevant ads, but also affects ROI of advertisers and revenue of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Hui Gao , Yihan Yang

Conversion rate prediction is critical to many online applications such as digital display advertising. To capture dynamic data distribution, industrial systems often require retraining models on recent data daily or weekly. However, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Yifan Wang , Peijie Sun , Min Zhang , Qinglin Jia , Jingjie Li , Shaoping Ma

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction plays an important role in many industrial applications, and recently a lot of attention is paid to the deep interest models which use attention mechanism to capture user interests from historical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Keke Zhao , Xing Zhao , Qi Cao , Linjian Mo

This paper presents a systematic approach to nonlinear state-feedback control design that has three main advantages: (i) it ensures exponential stability and $ \mathcal{L}_2 $-gain performance with respect to a user-defined set of reference…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-10 Ruigang Wang , Roland Tóth , Patrick J. W. Koelwijn , Ian R. Manchester

Industrial recommender systems are frequently tasked with approximating probabilities for multiple, often closely related, user actions. For example, predicting if a user will click on an advertisement and if they will then purchase the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Conor O'Brien , Kin Sum Liu , James Neufeld , Rafael Barreto , Jonathan J Hunt

Due to simplicity and strong stability guarantees, predictor feedback methods have stood as a popular approach for time delay systems since the 1950s. For time-varying delays, however, implementation requires computing a prediction horizon…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Luke Bhan , Miroslav Krstic , Yuanyuan Shi

With expansion of the video advertising market, research to predict the effects of video advertising is getting more attention. Although effect prediction of image advertising has been explored a lot, prediction for video advertising is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Jun Ikeda , Hiroyuki Seshime , Xueting Wang , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for discovering user interests and increasing platform revenues in a range of industrial applications. One of the most challenging problems of this task is the existence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Quanyu Dai , Haoxuan Li , Peng Wu , Zhenhua Dong , Xiao-Hua Zhou , Rui Zhang , Rui zhang , Jie Sun