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Exploiting the theory of state space models, we derive the exact expressions of the information transfer, as well as redundant and synergistic transfer, for coupled Gaussian processes observed at multiple temporal scales. All of the terms,…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-21 Luca Faes , Daniele Marinazzo , Sebastiano Stramaglia

We propose two new measures for extracting the unique information in $X$ and not $Y$ about a message $M$, when $X, Y$ and $M$ are joint random variables with a given joint distribution. We take a Markov based approach, motivated by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Keerthana Gurushankar , Praveen Venkatesh , Pulkit Grover

Determining the strength of non-linear statistical dependencies between two variables is a crucial matter in many research fields. The established measure for quantifying such relations is the mutual information. However, estimating mutual…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2019-07-24 Damián G. Hernández , Inés Samengo

We propose uncommon self-knowledge (USK) as a candidate criterion for consciousness: synergistic information a system carries about itself that exists only in the joint of its subsystems and is destroyed by decomposition. Drawing on…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-15 Krti Tallam

The existence of external (``side'') semantic knowledge has been shown to result in more expressive computational event models. To enable the use of side information that may be noisy or missing, we propose a semi-supervised information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Mehdi Rezaee , Francis Ferraro

Bivariate partial information decompositions (PIDs) characterize how the information in a "message" random variable is decomposed between two "constituent" random variables in terms of unique, redundant and synergistic information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Praveen Venkatesh , Gabriel Schamberg

Mutual information is widely used, in a descriptive way, to measure the stochastic dependence of categorical random variables. In order to address questions such as the reliability of the descriptive value, one must consider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Marcus Hutter , Marco Zaffalon

Bivariate Partial Information Decomposition (PID) describes how the mutual information between a random variable M and two random variables Y and Z is decomposed into unique, redundant, and synergistic terms. Recently, PID has shown promise…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Chaitanya Goswami , Amanda Merkley , Pulkit Grover

In this paper, we introduce Partial Information Decomposition of Features (PIDF), a new paradigm for simultaneous data interpretability and feature selection. Contrary to traditional methods that assign a single importance value, our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Charles Westphal , Stephen Hailes , Mirco Musolesi

The Partial Information Decomposition (PID) takes one step beyond Shannon's theory in decomposing the information two variables $A,B$ possess about a third variable $T$ into distinct parts: unique, shared (or redundant) and synergistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 S. J. van Enk

The inference of causal relationships using observational data from partially observed multivariate systems with hidden variables is a fundamental question in many scientific domains. Methods extracting causal information from conditional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-13 Daniel Chicharro , Michel Besserve , Stefano Panzeri

We lay a comprehensive foundation for the study of redundant information storage in decoherence processes. Redundancy has been proposed as a prerequisite for objectivity, the defining property of classical objects. We consider two ensembles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Robin Blume-Kohout , W. H. Zurek

Information decompositions quantify how the Shannon information about a given random variable is distributed among several other random variables. Various requirements have been proposed that such a decomposition should satisfy, leading to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Johannes Rauh , Pradeep Kr. Banerjee , Eckehard Olbrich , Guido Montúfar , Jürgen Jost

Given a set $X$ of "empirical" points, whose coordinates are perturbed by errors, we analyze whether it contains redundant information, that is whether some of its elements could be represented by a single equivalent point. If this is the…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2008-11-17 John Abbott , Claudia Fassino , Maria-Laura Torrente

We propose new measures of shared information, unique information and synergistic information that can be used to decompose the multi-information of a pair of random variables $(Y,Z)$ with a third random variable $X$. Our measures are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-06-18 Nils Bertschinger , Johannes Rauh , Eckehard Olbrich , Jürgen Jost , Nihat Ay

Measurements can be viewed as interactions between a measured system and a pointer system that imprint information about the system on the pointer. For so-called unbiased interactions, the measurement statistics--the information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-31 Tiago Debarba , Marcus Huber , Nicolai Friis

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) was proposed by Williams and Beer in 2010 as a tool for analyzing fine-grained interactions between multiple random variables, and has since found numerous applications ranging from neuroscience to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Aobo Lyu , Andrew Clark , Netanel Raviv

We study the measure of unique information $UI(T:X\setminus Y)$ defined by Bertschinger et al. (2014) within the framework of information decompositions. We study uniqueness and support of the solutions to the optimization problem…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Johannes Rauh , Maik Schünemann , Jürgen Jost

We study the problem of distributed information bottleneck, in which multiple encoders separately compress their observations in a manner such that, collectively, the compressed signals preserve as much information as possible about another…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Inaki Estella Aguerri , Abdellatif Zaidi

Lieb and Ruskai's strong subadditivity theorem, which shows that the conditional mutual information must be nonnegative, is fundamental in quantum theory. It has numerous applications, such as in quantum error correction. When the mutual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Zhou Gang