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This paper evaluates the frequency performance of an AC system when primary frequency response is provided by inverter-based resources located at remote-areas. Due to potentially larger wave propagation constants over longer lines, fast…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-19 Georgios Misyris , Deepak Ramasubramanian , Parag Mitra , Vikas Singhvi

In the context of dynamic virtual power plants (DVPPs), the integration of frequency containment reserve (FCR) and fast frequency control (FFC) enabled via local compensation of power imbalance represents a significant advancement in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-10 Saif Ahmad , Seifeddine Ben Elghali , Hafiz Ahmed

A complex network processing information or physical flows is usually characterized by a number of macroscopic quantities such as the diameter and the betweenness centrality. An issue of significant theoretical and practical interest is how…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 Xingang Wang , Ying-Cheng Lai , Chong Heng Lai

Forced oscillation event in power grids refers to a state where malfunctioning or abnormally operating equipment causes persisting periodic disturbances in the system. While power grids are designed to damp most of perturbations during…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2023-06-12 Robin Delabays , Andrey Y. Lokhov , Melvyn Tyloo , Marc Vuffray

To address system frequency challenges driven by the integration of renewable generation, advanced control strategies are designed at the device level to provide effective frequency support following disturbances. However, typically relying…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

We consider distributed control of double-integrator networks, where agents are subject to stochastic disturbances. We study performance of such networks in terms of coherence, defined through an H2 norm metric that represents the variance…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-19 Emma Tegling , Henrik Sandberg

Deterministic frequency deviations (DFDs) critically affect power grid frequency quality and power system stability. A better understanding of these events is urgently needed as frequency deviations have been growing in the European grid in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-07 Johannes Kruse , Benjamin Schäfer , Dirk Witthaut

The paper introduces the concept of complex frequency. The imaginary part of the complex frequency is the variation with respect of a synchronous reference of the local bus frequency as commonly defined in power system studies. The real…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Federico Milano

The traditional secondary frequency control of power systems restores nominal frequency by steering Area Control Errors (ACEs) to zero. Existing methods are a form of integral control with the characteristic that large control gain…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-17 Kaihua Xi , Johan L. A. Dubbeldam , Hai Xiang Lin , Jan H. van Schuppen

Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) prevents system collapse during large disturbances. Increased penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and reduced system inertia makes it challenging to design a static UFLS scheme, which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-07 Mazen Elsaadany , Muhammad Hamza Ali , Amritanshu Pandey , Mads R. Almassalkhi

As the proportion of renewable energy and power electronics in the power system increases, modeling frequency dynamics under power deficits becomes more challenging. Although data-driven methods help mitigate these challenges, they are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Qianni Cao , Chen Shen

High penetration of renewable resources results in a power system with lower inertia and higher frequency sensitivity to power imbalances. Such systems are becoming increasingly susceptible to frequency collapse during extreme disturbances.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-11 Waheed Owonikoko , Mazen Elsaadany , Amritanshu Pandey , Mads R. Almassalkhi

Oscillation synchronization phenomenon is widely observed in natural systems through frequency modulated signals, especially in biological neural networks. Frequency modulation is also one of most widely used technologies in engineering.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-17 Zhiyong Chen

In this paper, we extend a circuit-based, current-voltage power flow formulation to include frequency deviations and implicitly model generator primary and secondary control actions as a function of their temporal dependence. This includes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-02 Aayushya Agarwal , Amritanshu Pandey , Marko Jereminov , Larry Pileggi

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources exacerbates the spatial and temporal differences in frequency across the power system, posing a serious challenge to the accurate and efficient assessment of system frequency security.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Changjun He , Hua Geng , Xiuqiang He , Chen Shen , Yushuang Liu

Higher penetration of renewable generation will increase the demand for adequate (and cost-effective) controllable resources on the grid that can mitigate and contain the contingencies locally before it can cause a network-wide collapse.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Draguna Vrabie , Karan Kalsi , Jianming Lian

Primary Frequency Control (PFC) is a fast acting mechanism used to ensure high-quality power for the grid that is becoming an increasingly attractive option for load participation. Due to speed requirement and other considerations, it is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-23 Joshua Comden , Tan N. Le , Yue Zhao , Bong Jun Choi , Zhenhua Liu

The reduced inertia in power system introduces more operation risks and challenges to frequency regulation. The existing virtual inertia and frequency support control are restricted by the normally non-dispatchable energy resources behind…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-30 Chu Sun , Syed Qaseem Ali , Geza Joos

The aim of this paper is to shed light on the problem of controlling a complex network with minimal control energy. We show first that the control energy depends on the time constant of the modes of the network, and that the closer the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Gustav Lindmark , Claudio Altafini

We study the optimal control of the mean and variance of the network state vector. We develop an algorithm that uses projected gradient descent to optimize the control input placement, subject to constraints on the state that must be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-16 Philip Solimine , Anke Meyer-Baese