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In order to solve fractional variational problems, there exist two theorems of necessary conditions: an Euler-Lagrange equation which involves Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives, and other Euler-Lagrange equation that…

The purpose of this paper is to announce some new results on the structure of the higher order Euler-Lagrange mapping of the multiple-integral variational calculus on fibered manifolds,namely a description of its kernel and its image,and an…

We give a proper fractional extension of the classical calculus of variations. Necessary optimality conditions of Euler-Lagrange type for variational problems containing both classical and fractional derivatives are proved. The fundamental…

Structural causal models are the basic modelling unit in Pearl's causal theory; in principle they allow us to solve counterfactuals, which are at the top rung of the ladder of causation. But they often contain latent variables that limit…

We introduce a stochastic fractional calculus. As an application, we present a stochastic fractional calculus of variations, which generalizes the fractional calculus of variations to stochastic processes. A stochastic fractional…

The classical fields with fractional derivatives are investigated by using the fractional Lagrangian formulation.The fractional Euler-Lagrange equations were obtained and two examples were studied.

In this paper the structures of the generalised Euler-Lagrange equations and their associated conserved quantities are derived for one-dimensional Herglotz variational problems of order $n$. Their derivations use the framework of moving…

Graphical models can represent a multivariate distribution in a convenient and accessible form as a graph. Causal models can be viewed as a special class of graphical models that not only represent the distribution of the observed system…

We deal with direct and inverse problems of the calculus of variations on arbitrary time scales. Firstly, using the Euler-Lagrange equation and the strengthened Legendre condition, we give a general form for a variational functional to…

Classical causal models, such as Granger causality and structural equation modeling, are largely restricted to acyclic interactions and struggle to represent cyclic and higher-order dynamics in complex networks. We introduce a causal…

There is growing interest in the study of causal methods in the Earth sciences. However, most applications have focused on causal discovery, i.e. inferring the causal relationships and causal structure from data. This paper instead examines…

We consider in this paper an area functional defined on submanifolds of fixed degree immersed into a graded manifold equipped with a Riemannian metric. Since the expression of this area depends on the degree, not all variations are…

We give a proper fractional extension of the classical calculus of variations by considering variational functionals with a Lagrangian depending on a combined Caputo fractional derivative and the classical derivative. Euler-Lagrange…

The existence theory for solutions of the linearized field equations for causal variational principles is developed. We begin by studying the Cauchy problem locally in lens-shaped regions, defined as subsets of space-time which admit…

The geometric Lagrangian theory (of arbitrary order) is based on the analysis of some basic mathematical objects such as: the contact ideal, the (exact) variational sequence, the existence of Euler-Lagrange and Helmholtz-Sonin forms, etc.…

A series of stationary principles are developed for dynamical systems by formulating the concept of mixed convolved action, which is written in terms of mixed variables, using temporal convolutions and fractional derivatives. Dynamical…

A discrete theory for implicit nonholonomic Lagrangian systems undergoing elastic collisions is developed. It is based on the discrete Lagrange-d'Alembert-Pontryagin variational principle and the dynamical equations thus obtained are the…

We study the variational problem for $N$-parallel curves on a Finslerian surface by means of Exterior Differential Systems using Griffiths' method. We obtain the conditions when these curves are extremals of a length functional and write…

This work contains an exposition of foundations of the variational calculus in fibered manifolds. The emphasis is laid on the geometric aspects of the theory. Especially functionals defined by real functions (Lagrange functions) or…

We review some recent results of the fractional variational calculus. Necessary optimality conditions of Euler-Lagrange type for functionals with a Lagrangian containing left and right Caputo derivatives are given. Several problems are…