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With the development of large models, watermarks are increasingly employed to assert copyright, verify authenticity, or monitor content distribution. As applications become more multimodal, the utility of watermarking techniques becomes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jielin Qiu , William Han , Xuandong Zhao , Shangbang Long , Christos Faloutsos , Lei Li

Copyright protection for large language models is of critical importance, given their substantial development costs, proprietary value, and potential for misuse. Existing surveys have predominantly focused on techniques for tracing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhenhua Xu , Xubin Yue , Zhebo Wang , Haobo Zhang , Qichen Liu , Xixiang Zhao , Jingxuan Zhang , Wenjun Zeng , Wengpeng Xing , Dezhang Kong , Changting Lin , Meng Han

Text watermarking algorithms are crucial for protecting the copyright of textual content. Historically, their capabilities and application scenarios were limited. However, recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Yijian Lu , Jingjing Li , Xuming Hu , Xi Zhang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Hui Xiong , Philip S. Yu

Deep neural networks have had enormous impact on various domains of computer science, considerably outperforming previous state of the art machine learning techniques. To achieve this performance, neural networks need large quantities of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Dorjan Hitaj , Luigi V. Mancini

Machine learning is increasingly used in security-critical applications, such as autonomous driving, face recognition and malware detection. Most learning methods, however, have not been designed with security in mind and thus are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-17 Erwin Quiring , Daniel Arp , Konrad Rieck

Watermarking has recently emerged as a crucial tool for protecting the intellectual property of generative models and for distinguishing AI-generated content from human-generated data. Despite its practical success, most existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-08 Hengzhi He , Shirong Xu , Alexander Nemecek , Jiping Li , Erman Ayday , Guang Cheng

Watermarking data for source tracking applications by its owner can be unfair for recipients because the data owner may redistribute the same watermarked data to many users. Hence, each data recipient should know the watermark embedded in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Mesfer Mohammed Alqarni

In recent years, data poisoning attacks have been increasingly designed to appear harmless and even beneficial, often with the intention of verifying dataset ownership or safeguarding private data from unauthorized use. However, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yifan Zhu , Lijia Yu , Xiao-Shan Gao

In this paper, we deal with the proof of ownership or legitimate usage of a digital content, such as an image, in order to tackle the illegitimate copy. The proposed scheme based on the combination of the watermark-ing and cancelable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Morgan Barbier , Jean-Marie Le Bars , Christophe Rosenberger

Database fingerprinting have been widely adopted to prevent unauthorized sharing of data and identify the source of data leakages. Although existing schemes are robust against common attacks, like random bit flipping and subset attack,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Tianxi Ji , Emre Yilmaz , Erman Ayday , Pan Li

The advancement of secure communication and identity verification fields has significantly increased through the use of deep learning techniques for data hiding. By embedding information into a noise-tolerant signal such as audio, video, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Zihan Wang , Olivia Byrnes , Hu Wang , Ruoxi Sun , Congbo Ma , Huaming Chen , Qi Wu , Minhui Xue

Data watermarking in language models injects traceable signals, such as specific token sequences or stylistic patterns, into copyrighted text, allowing copyright holders to track and verify training data ownership. Previous data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xinyue Cui , Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Swabha Swayamdipta , Robin Jia

We revisit watermarking techniques based on pre-trained deep networks, in the light of self-supervised approaches. We present a way to embed both marks and binary messages into their latent spaces, leveraging data augmentation at marking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Pierre Fernandez , Alexandre Sablayrolles , Teddy Furon , Hervé Jégou , Matthijs Douze

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique to track AI-generated content and differentiate it from authentic human creations. While prior work extensively studies watermarking for autoregressive large language models (LLMs) and image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Avi Bagchi , Akhil Bhimaraju , Moulik Choraria , Daniel Alabi , Lav R. Varshney

The surging demand for large-scale datasets in deep learning has heightened the need for effective copyright protection, given the risks of unauthorized use to data owners. Although the dataset watermark technique holds promise for auditing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xiao Ren , Xinyi Yu , Linkang Du , Min Chen , Yuanchao Shu , Zhou Su , Yunjun Gao , Zhikun Zhang

Being trained on large and diverse datasets, visual foundation models (VFMs) can be fine-tuned to achieve remarkable performance and efficiency in various downstream computer vision tasks. The high computational cost of data collection and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Anna Chistyakova , Mikhail Pautov

The recent progress in generative models has revolutionized the synthesis of highly realistic images, including face images. This technological development has undoubtedly helped face recognition, such as training data augmentation for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Yuguang Yao , Steven Grosz , Sijia Liu , Anil Jain

Deep learning has achieved tremendous success in numerous industrial applications. As training a good model often needs massive high-quality data and computation resources, the learned models often have significant business values. However,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Han Fang , Weiming Zhang , Wenbo Zhou , Hao Cui , Nenghai Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced rapid advancements, with applications spanning a wide range of fields, including sentiment classification, review generation, and question answering. Due to their efficiency and versatility,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yugeng Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Michael Backes , Zheng Li , Yang Zhang

We present a study to benchmark representative watermarking methods in cross-lingual settings. The current literature mainly focuses on the evaluation of watermarking methods for the English language. However, the literature for evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mansour Al Ghanim , Jiaqi Xue , Rochana Prih Hastuti , Mengxin Zheng , Yan Solihin , Qian Lou