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India is experiencing intense political partisanship and sectarian divisions. The paper performs, to the best of our knowledge, the first comprehensive analysis on the Indian online news media with respect to tracking and partisanship. We…

Modern websites frequently use and embed third-party services to facilitate web development, connect to social media, or for monetization. This often introduces privacy issues as the inclusion of third-party services on a website can allow…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Christine Utz , Sabrina Amft , Martin Degeling , Thorsten Holz , Sascha Fahl , Florian Schaub

Online tracking remains problematic, with compliance and ethical issues persisting despite regulatory efforts. Consent interfaces, the visible manifestation of this industry, have seen significant attention over the years. We present robust…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Midas Nouwens , Janus Bager Kristensen , Kristjan Maalt , Rolf Bagge

In response to the ePrivacy Directive and the consent requirements introduced by the GDPR, websites began deploying consent banners to obtain user permission for data collection and processing. However, due to shared third-party services…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Ali Rasaii , Ha Dao , Anja Feldmann , Mohammadmahdi Javid , Oliver Gasser , Devashish Gosain

Nowadays, the users' browsing activity on the Internet is not completely private due to many entities that collect and use such data, either for legitimate or illegal goals. The implications are serious, from a person who exposes…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Luca Vassio , Hassan Metwalley , Danilo Giordano

The number of computers, tablets and smartphones is increasing rapidly, which entails the ownership and use of multiple devices to perform online tasks. As people move across devices to complete these tasks, their identities becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-08 Roberto Díaz-Morales

In recent years, European regulators have debated restricting the time an online tracker can track a user to protect consumer privacy better. Despite the significance of these debates, there has been a noticeable absence of any…

General Economics · Economics 2023-07-19 Klaus M. Miller , Bernd Skiera

Online services provide users with cookie banners to accept/reject the cookies placed on their web browsers. Despite the increased adoption of cookie banners, little has been done to ensure that cookie consent is compliant with privacy laws…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Brian Tang , Duc Bui , Kang G. Shin

This paper investigates the accessibility of cookie notices on websites for users with visual impairments (VI) via a set of system studies on top UK websites (n=46) and a user study (n=100). We use a set of methods and tools--including…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-18 James M. Clarke , Maryam Mehrnezhad , Ehsan Toreini

Browser fingerprinting often provides an attractive alternative to third-party cookies for tracking users across the web. In fact, the increasing restrictions on third-party cookies placed by common web browsers and recent regulations like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Meenatchi Sundaram Muthu Selva Annamalai , Igor Bilogrevic , Emiliano De Cristofaro

Internet users today are constantly giving away their personal information and privacy through social media, tracking cookies, 'free' email, and single sign-on authentication in order to access convenient online services. Unfortunately, the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Brandon Adams , Aaron Clark , Josh Craven

With the success of Web applications, most of our data is now stored on various third-party servers where they are processed to deliver personalized services. Naturally we must be authenticated to access this personal information, but the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-08-31 Vincent Toubiana , Vincent Verdot

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect on May 25, 2018. Its privacy regulations apply to any service and company collecting or processing personal data in Europe. Many companies had to adjust their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Martin Degeling , Christine Utz , Christopher Lentzsch , Henry Hosseini , Florian Schaub , Thorsten Holz

Third-party tracking allows companies to collect users' behavioural data and track their activity across digital devices. This can put deep insights into users' private lives into the hands of strangers, and often happens without users'…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Pierre Dewitte , Max Van Kleek , Ge Wang , Daniel Omeiza , Helena Webb , Nigel Shadbolt

Recent studies reveal widespread concern and increasing lack of understanding about how personal data is collected, shared, and used online without consent. This issue is compounded by limited options available for digital citizens to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Niels J. Gommesen

The loading of resources from third-parties has evoked new security and privacy concerns about the current world wide web. Building on the concepts of forced and implicit trust, this paper examines cross-domain transmission control protocol…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Jukka Ruohonen , Joonas Salovaara , Ville Leppänen

The rise of cookie paywalls ('pay-or-ok' models) has prompted growing debates around the right to privacy and data protection, monetisation, and the legitimacy of user consent. Despite their increasing use across sectors, limited research…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Victor Morel , Farzaneh Karegar , Cristiana Santos

Third-party tracking is common on almost all commercially operated websites. Prior work has studied in detail the extent of third-party tracking on the web, detection of third-party trackers, and defending against third-party tracking.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Matius Chairani , Mathieu Chevalley , Abderrahmane Lazraq , Sruti Bhagavatula

To protect users' privacy, legislators have regulated the usage of tracking technologies, mandating the acquisition of users' consent before collecting data. Consequently, websites started showing more and more consent management modules --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Luca Vassio , Marco Mellia

To what extent are users surveilled on the web, by what technologies, and by whom? We answer these questions by combining passively observed, anonymized browsing data of a large, representative sample of Americans with domain-level data on…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-01 Lucas Shen , Gaurav Sood