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An interesting question to explore in physics classes is whether gravity violates the second law of thermodynamics. Standard physics textbooks provide little to no discussion of the relationship between entropy and gravity, and the same is…

General Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Jorge Pinochet , Giorgio Sonnino

A key test of any quantum theory of gravity is its ability to reproduce the known thermodynamic properties of black holes. A statistical mechanical description of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy once seemed remote, but today we suffer an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Steven Carlip

We investigate, in the case of a Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole, the definitions of gravitational energy and gravitational pressure that naturally arise in the framework of the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity. In particular,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-12-31 K. H. C. Castello-Branco , J. F. da Rocha-Neto

The first law of black hole mechanics (in the form derived by Wald), is expressed in terms of integrals over surfaces, at the horizon and spatial infinity, of a stationary, axisymmetric black hole, in a diffeomorphism invariant Lagrangian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 Vivek Iyer

There are several reasons to support the idea that entropy might be associated to gravity itself. In the absence of a quantum theory of gravity, classical estimators for the gravitational entropy have been proposed. Any viable description…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-17 Alan Alejandro Pánuco Liñán , Daniela Pérez , Carlos Luna , Gustavo E. Romero

Near the event horizon of a black hole, the effective theory is two dimensional conformal theory. Here we show that the holographic modes characterising this underlying conformal symmetry and the basic definition of entropy $S$ in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-12-19 Bibhas Ranjan Majhi

Starting from first principles and general assumptions Newton's law of gravitation is shown to arise naturally and unavoidably in a theory in which space is emergent through a holographic scenario. Gravity is explained as an entropic force…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-04-20 Erik P. Verlinde

We give an exact solution for the static force between two black holes at the turning points in their binary motion. The results are derived by Gibbs' principle and the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy applied to the apparent horizon surfaces in…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-28 Maurice H. P. M. van Putten

The Friedmann equations of general relativity can be derived from the first law of thermodynamics when the entropy of the apparent horizon of a spatially isotropic universe is given by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. We point out that if…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-19 James E. Lidsey

As early as 1902, Gibbs pointed out that systems whose partition function diverges, e.g. gravitation, lie outside the validity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) theory. Consistently, since the pioneering Bekenstein-Hawking results, physically…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-07-08 Constantino Tsallis , Leonardo J. L. Cirto

In a (2+1)-dimensional spacetime with a negative cosmological constant, the thermodynamics and the entropy of an extremal rotating thin shell, i.e., an extremal rotating ring, are investigated. The outer and inner regions are taken to be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-02-23 José P. S. Lemos , Masato Minamitsuji , Oleg B. Zaslavskii

It is possible to obtain the gravitational field equations in a large class of theories from a thermodynamic variational principle which uses the gravitational heat density $\mathcal{S}_g$ associated with null surfaces. This heat density is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-07-31 Dawood Kothawala , T. Padmanabhan

Entropic cosmology with the R\'{e}nyi entropy of the apparent horizon $S_R=(1/\alpha)\ln(1+\alpha S_{BH})$, where $S_{BH}$ is the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy, is studied. By virtue of the thermodynamics-gravity correspondence a model of…

General Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 S. I. Kruglov

Starting with a field theoretic approach in Minkowski space, the gravitational energy momentum tensor is derived from the Einstein equations in a straightforward manner. This allows to present them as {\it acceleration tensor} = const.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen

The lack of a well-established solution for the gravitational energy problem might be one of the reasons why a clear road to quantum gravity does not exist. In this paper, the gravitational energy is studied in detail with the help of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-25 J. B. Formiga , João Duarte

We derive the classical null energy condition, understood as a constraint on the Ricci tensor, from the second law of thermodynamics applied locally to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy associated with patches of null congruences. The derivation…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-05-10 Maulik Parikh , Andrew Svesko

We make a first principle study of gravitational pressure in cosmic thermodynamics. The pressure is directly derived from the unified first law, in fact the Einstein field equation in spherically symmetric spacetime. By using this pressure,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-01-18 Haximjan Abdusattar , Shi-Bei Kong , Wen-Long You , Hongsheng Zhang , Ya-Peng Hu

In an attempt to find a quasi-local measure of quantum entanglement, we introduce the concept of entanglement density in relativistic quantum theories. This density is defined in terms of infinitesimal variations of the region whose…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-27 Jyotirmoy Bhattacharya , Veronika E. Hubeny , Mukund Rangamani , Tadashi Takayanagi

We study the scalar-tensor theory of gravity profoundly in the action level as well as in the thermodynamic level. Contrary to the usual description in the literature about the equivalence in the two conformally connected frames, this paper…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-05-19 Krishnakanta Bhattacharya , Bibhas Ranjan Majhi

In this article, we investigate the assumption of equipartition of energy in arguments for the entropic nature of gravity. It has already been pointed out by other authors that equipartition is not valid for low temperatures. Here we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-11-08 Hanno Sahlmann