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Instrumental variable regression is a common approach for causal inference in the presence of unobserved confounding. However, identifying valid instruments is often difficult in practice. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Gregor Steiner , Jeremie Houssineau , Mark F. J. Steel

In this paper we will give a short presentation of the quantum Levy-Khinchin formula and of the formulation of quantum continual measurements based on stochastic differential equations, matters which we had the pleasure to work on in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Alberto Barchielli , Giancarlo Lupieri

Instrumental variable methods are widely used to address unmeasured confounding, yet much of the existing literature has focused on the binary instrument setting. Extensions to continuous instruments often impose strong parametric…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-12 Zhenghao Zeng , Alexander W. Levis , JungHo Lee , Edward H. Kennedy , Luke Keele

A new approach of obtaining stratified random samples from statistically dependent random variables is described. The proposed method can be used to obtain samples from the input space of a computer forward model in estimating expectations…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-25 Anirban Mondal , Abhijit Mandal

In clinical trials, there is potential to improve precision and reduce the required sample size by appropriately adjusting for baseline variables in the statistical analysis. This is called covariate adjustment. Despite recommendations by…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-20 Kelly Van Lancker , Joshua Betz , Michael Rosenblum

Curricula for goal-conditioned reinforcement learning agents typically rely on poor estimates of the agent's epistemic uncertainty or fail to consider the agents' epistemic uncertainty altogether, resulting in poor sample efficiency. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Julian Alverio , Boris Katz , Andrei Barbu

Instantaneous quantum computing is a sub-universal quantum complexity class, whose circuits have proven to be hard to simulate classically in the Discrete-Variable (DV) realm. We extend this proof to the Continuous-Variable (CV) domain by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-21 T. Douce , D. Markham , E. Kashefi , E. Diamanti , T. Coudreau , P. Milman , P. van Loock , G. Ferrini

Recent advances in the literature have demonstrated that standard supervised learning algorithms are ill-suited for problems with endogenous explanatory variables. To correct for the endogeneity bias, many variants of nonparameteric…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-01-18 Edvard Bakhitov , Amandeep Singh

This work is about parameter estimation for a fast-slow stochastic system with non-Gaussian $\alpha$-stable L\'evy noise. When the observations are only available for slow components, a system parameter is estimated and the accuracy for…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-02-28 Ying Chao , Pingyuan Wei , Jinqiao Duan

Instrumental variables have been widely used to estimate the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome. Existing confidence intervals for causal effects based on instrumental variables assume that all of the putative instrumental variables…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-14 Hyunseung Kang , T. Tony Cai , Dylan S. Small

The Pickands estimator for the extreme value index is beneficial due to its universal consistency, location, and scale invariance, which sets it apart from other types of estimators. However, similar to many extreme value index estimators,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-29 Yizhou Li , Pawel Polak

We develop a step-by-step guide to leniency (a.k.a. judge or examiner instrument) designs, drawing on recent econometric literatures. The unbiased jackknife instrumental variables estimator (UJIVE) is purpose-built for leveraging exogenous…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-18 Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham , Peter Hull , Michal Kolesár

Quantum phase estimation (QPE) is one of the core algorithms for quantum computing. It has been extensively studied and applied in a variety of quantum applications such as the Shor's factoring algorithm, quantum sampling algorithms and the…

In this paper, we suggest an estimator using two auxiliary variables in stratified random sampling. The propose estimator has an improvement over mean per unit estimator as well as some other considered estimators. Expressions for bias and…

Applications · Statistics 2014-04-01 Rajesh Singh , Sachin Malik

In a randomized controlled trial, treatment switching (also called contamination or crossover) occurs when a patient initially assigned to one treatment arm changes to another arm during the course of follow-up. Overlooking treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-27 Andrew Ying

While continuous-variable (CV) quantum systems are believed to be more efficient for quantum sensing and metrology than their discrete-variable (DV) counterparts due to the infinite spectrum of their native operators, our toolkit of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Xi Lu , Bojko N. Bakalov , Yuan Liu

Continuous treatment effect estimation holds significant practical importance across various decision-making and assessment domains, such as healthcare and the military. However, current methods for estimating dose-response curves hinge on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Ruijing Cui , Jianbin Sun , Bingyu He , Kewei Yang , Bingfeng Ge

We present a general framework for using existing data to estimate the efficiency gain from using a covariate-adjusted estimator of a marginal treatment effect in a future randomized trial. We describe conditions under which it is possible…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-03 Xiudi Li , Sijia Li , Alex Luedtke

Quantum computing is usually associated with discrete quantum states and physical quantities possessing discrete eigenvalue spectrum. However, quantum computing in general is any computation accomplished by the exploitation of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-06 Samantha Buck , Robin Coleman , Hayk Sargsyan

Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to make causal inferences about the effects of modifiable risk factors on diseases from observational data. One of the major challenges in Mendelian randomization is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-29 Youpeng Su , Siqi Xu , Yilei Ma , Ping Yin , Wing Kam Fung , Hongwei Jiang , Peng Wang