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Regularisation of deep neural networks (DNN) during training is critical to performance. By far the most popular method is known as dropout. Here, cast through the prism of signal processing theory, we compare and contrast the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-08-27 Andrew J. R. Simpson

Batch Normalization (BN) is one of the most widely used techniques in Deep Learning field. But its performance can awfully degrade with insufficient batch size. This weakness limits the usage of BN on many computer vision tasks like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Junjie Yan , Ruosi Wan , Xiangyu Zhang , Wei Zhang , Yichen Wei , Jian Sun

Batch Normalization (BN) is widely used in {centralized} deep learning to improve convergence and generalization. However, in {federated} learning (FL) with decentralized data, prior work has observed that training with BN could hinder…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jike Zhong , Hong-You Chen , Wei-Lun Chao

In order to develop complex relationships between their inputs and outputs, deep neural networks train and adjust large number of parameters. To make these networks work at high accuracy, vast amounts of data are needed. Sometimes, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Joshua Shunk

Dropout has proven to be an effective technique for regularization and preventing the co-adaptation of neurons in deep neural networks (DNN). It randomly drops units with a probability $p$ during the training stage of DNN. Dropout also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Zongjie Ma , Abdul Sattar , Jun Zhou , Qingliang Chen , Kaile Su

Batch Normalization (BN) improves both convergence and generalization in training neural networks. This work understands these phenomena theoretically. We analyze BN by using a basic block of neural networks, consisting of a kernel layer, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Ping Luo , Xinjiang Wang , Wenqi Shao , Zhanglin Peng

Dropout is a widely-used regularization technique, often required to obtain state-of-the-art for a number of architectures. This work demonstrates that dropout introduces two distinct but entangled regularization effects: an explicit effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Colin Wei , Sham Kakade , Tengyu Ma

Batch Normalization (BN) is a core and prevalent technique in accelerating the training of deep neural networks and improving the generalization on Computer Vision (CV) tasks. However, it fails to defend its position in Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jiaxi Wang , Ji Wu , Lei Huang

Bayesian Neural Networks (BNN) have recently emerged in the Deep Learning world for dealing with uncertainty estimation in classification tasks, and are used in many application domains such as astrophysics, autonomous driving...BNN assume…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Claire Theobald , Frédéric Pennerath , Brieuc Conan-Guez , Miguel Couceiro , Amedeo Napoli

Existing continual learning methods use Batch Normalization (BN) to facilitate training and improve generalization across tasks. However, the non-i.i.d and non-stationary nature of continual learning data, especially in the online setting,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Quang Pham , Chenghao Liu , Steven Hoi

While the authors of Batch Normalization (BN) identify and address an important problem involved in training deep networks-- \textit{Internal Covariate Shift}-- the current solution has certain drawbacks. For instance, BN depends on batch…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-21 Devansh Arpit , Yingbo Zhou , Hung Ngo , Venu Govindaraju

Batch normalization (batch norm) is often used in an attempt to stabilize and accelerate training in deep neural networks. In many cases it indeed decreases the number of parameter updates required to achieve low training error. However, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Angus Galloway , Anna Golubeva , Thomas Tanay , Medhat Moussa , Graham W. Taylor

Batch normalization (BN) has become a de facto standard for training deep convolutional networks. However, BN accounts for a significant fraction of training run-time and is difficult to accelerate, since it is a memory-bandwidth bounded…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-10 Igor Gitman , Boris Ginsburg

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) thrive in recent years in which Batch Normalization (BN) plays an indispensable role. However, it has been observed that BN is costly due to the reduction operations. In this paper, we propose alleviating this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Zhaodong Chen , Lei Deng , Guoqi Li , Jiawei Sun , Xing Hu , Xin Ma , Yuan Xie

Various normalization layers have been proposed to help the training of neural networks. Group Normalization (GN) is one of the effective and attractive studies that achieved significant performances in the visual recognition task. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Agus Gunawan , Xu Yin , Kang Zhang

This paper proposes a novel batch normalization strategy for test-time adaptation. Recent test-time adaptation methods heavily rely on the modified batch normalization, i.e., transductive batch normalization (TBN), which calculates the mean…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Hyesu Lim , Byeonggeun Kim , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

Batch normalization is widely used in deep learning to normalize intermediate activations. Deep networks suffer from notoriously increased training complexity, mandating careful initialization of weights, requiring lower learning rates,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-19 Lakshmi Annamalai , Chetan Singh Thakur

While the authors of Batch Normalization (BN) identify and address an important problem involved in training deep networks-- Internal Covariate Shift-- the current solution has certain drawbacks. Specifically, BN depends on batch statistics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-13 Devansh Arpit , Yingbo Zhou , Bhargava U. Kota , Venu Govindaraju

Dropout Regularization, serving to reduce variance, is nearly ubiquitous in Deep Learning models. We explore the relationship between the dropout rate and model complexity by training 2,000 neural networks configured with random…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Christopher Sun , Jai Sharma , Milind Maiti

Batch normalization (BN) has been widely used in modern deep neural networks (DNNs) due to improved convergence. BN is observed to increase the model accuracy while at the cost of adversarial robustness. There is an increasing interest in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Philipp Benz , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon