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This paper investigates the framework of encoder-decoder with attention for sequence labelling based spoken language understanding. We introduce Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory - Long Short Term Memory networks (BLSTM-LSTM) as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Su Zhu , Kai Yu

Recent DEtection TRansformer-based (DETR) models have obtained remarkable performance. Its success cannot be achieved without the re-introduction of multi-scale feature fusion in the encoder. However, the excessively increased tokens in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Feng Li , Ailing Zeng , Shilong Liu , Hao Zhang , Hongyang Li , Lei Zhang , Lionel M. Ni

This document provides a brief introduction to the attention mechanism used in modern language models based on the Transformer architecture. We first illustrate how text is encoded as vectors and how the attention mechanism processes these…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-02 Michel Fabrice Serret

Attention matrices are fundamental to transformer research, supporting a broad range of applications including interpretability, visualization, manipulation, and distillation. Yet, most existing analyses focus on individual attention heads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ido Andrew Atad , Itamar Zimerman , Shahar Katz , Lior Wolf

Human face images usually appear with wide range of visual scales. The existing face representations pursue the bandwidth of handling scale variation via multi-scale scheme that assembles a finite series of predefined scales. Such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Hailin Shi , Hang Du , Yibo Hu , Jun Wang , Dan Zeng , Ting Yao

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao

In this paper, a hardware-optimized approach to emotion recognition based on the efficient brain-inspired hyperdimensional computing (HDC) paradigm is proposed. Emotion recognition provides valuable information for human-computer…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Alisha Menon , Anirudh Natarajan , Reva Agashe , Daniel Sun , Melvin Aristio , Harrison Liew , Yakun Sophia Shao , Jan M. Rabaey

Large foundation models have achieved significant performance gains through scalable training on massive datasets. However, the field of \textbf{H}andwritten \textbf{M}athematical \textbf{E}xpression \textbf{R}ecognition (HMER) has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Haoyang Li , Jiaqing Li , Jialun Cao , Zongyuan Yang , Yongping Xiong

Inspired by recent successes in neural machine translation and image caption generation, we present an attention based encoder decoder model (AED) to recognize Vietnamese Handwritten Text. The model composes of two parts: a DenseNet for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Anh Duc Le , Hung Tuan Nguyen , Masaki Nakagawa

Automatic sleep staging is a challenging problem and state-of-the-art algorithms have not yet reached satisfactory performance to be used instead of manual scoring by a sleep technician. Much research has been done to find good feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Martin Längkvist , Amy Loutfi

Encoder-decoder models have been widely used in RGBD semantic segmentation, and most of them are designed via a two-stream network. In general, jointly reasoning the color and geometric information from RGBD is beneficial for semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Yang Zhang , Yang Yang , Chenyun Xiong , Guodong Sun , Yanwen Guo

Dot-product attention has wide applications in computer vision and natural language processing. However, its memory and computational costs grow quadratically with the input size. Such growth prohibits its application on high-resolution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Zhuoran Shen , Mingyuan Zhang , Haiyu Zhao , Shuai Yi , Hongsheng Li

Standard inference and training with transformer based architectures scale quadratically with input sequence length. This is prohibitively large for a variety of applications especially in web-page translation, query-answering etc.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Lovish Madaan , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Himanshu Jain , Prateek Jain

Attention mechanism has been crucial for image diffusion models, however, their quadratic computational complexity limits the sizes of images we can process within reasonable time and memory constraints. This paper investigates the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Ethan Smith , Nayan Saxena , Aninda Saha

Fingerspelling in sign language has been the means of communicating technical terms and proper nouns when they do not have dedicated sign language gestures. Automatic recognition of fingerspelling can help resolve communication barriers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Kamala Gajurel , Cuncong Zhong , Guanghui Wang

Recent progress on deep learning has made it possible to automatically transform the screenshot of Graphic User Interface (GUI) into code by using the encoder-decoder framework. While the commonly adopted image encoder (e.g., CNN network),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Zhihao Zhu , Zhan Xue , Zejian Yuan

Writer identification due to its widespread application in various fields has gained popularity over the years. In scenarios where optimum handwriting samples are available, whether they be in the form of a single line, a sentence, or an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Vineet Kumar , Suresh Sundaram

Linear encoding of sparse vectors is widely popular, but is commonly data-independent -- missing any possible extra (but a priori unknown) structure beyond sparsity. In this paper we present a new method to learn linear encoders that adapt…

Attention mechanism plays a more and more important role in point cloud analysis and channel attention is one of the hotspots. With so much channel information, it is difficult for neural networks to screen useful channel information. Thus,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Guoquan Xu , Hezhi Cao , Yifan Zhang , Jianwei Wan , Ke Xu , Yanxin Ma

Transformer models typically calculate attention matrices using dot products, which have limitations when capturing nonlinear relationships between embedding vectors. We propose Neural Attention, a technique that replaces dot products with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Andrew DiGiugno , Ausif Mahmood