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Shapley values are widely recognized as a principled method for attributing importance to input features in machine learning. However, the exact computation of Shapley values scales exponentially with the number of features, severely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Majid Mohammadi , Krikamol Muandet , Ilaria Tiddi , Annette Ten Teije , Siu Lun Chau

Simulations are becoming ever more common as a tool for designing complex products. Sensitivity analysis techniques can be applied to these simulations to gain insight, or to reduce the complexity of the problem at hand. However, these…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-02-03 Tom Van Steenkiste , Joachim van der Herten , Ivo Couckuyt , Tom Dhaene

Traditionally, the sensitivity analysis of a Bayesian network studies the impact of individually modifying the entries of its conditional probability tables in a one-at-a-time (OAT) fashion. However, this approach fails to give a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Rafael Ballester-Ripoll , Manuele Leonelli

Shapley values, which were originally designed to assign attributions to individual players in coalition games, have become a commonly used approach in explainable machine learning to provide attributions to input features for black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Che-Ping Tsai , Chih-Kuan Yeh , Pradeep Ravikumar

Variance-based sensitivity indices have established themselves as a reference among practitioners of sensitivity analysis of model output. It is not unusual to consider a variance-based sensitivity analysis as informative if it produces at…

Many existing interpretation methods are based on Partial Dependence (PD) functions that, for a pre-trained machine learning model, capture how a subset of the features affects the predictions by averaging over the remaining features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jinyang Liu , Tessa Steensgaard , Marvin N. Wright , Niklas Pfister , Munir Hiabu

This work focuses on developing efficient post-hoc explanations for quantum AI algorithms. In classical contexts, the cooperative game theory concept of the Shapley value adapts naturally to post-hoc explanations, where it can be used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Iain Burge , Michel Barbeau , Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

Interpretable machine learning has been focusing on explaining final models that optimize performance. The current state-of-the-art is the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) that locally explains variable impact on individual predictions,…

This paper introduces GeoShapley, a game theory approach to measuring spatial effects in machine learning models. GeoShapley extends the Nobel Prize-winning Shapley value framework in game theory by conceptualizing location as a player in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Ziqi Li

This article presents a general multivariate $f$-sensitivity index, rooted in the $f$-divergence between the unconditional and conditional probability measures of a stochastic response, for global sensitivity analysis. Unlike the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-12-09 Sharif Rahman

Prediction intervals are commonly used in meta-analysis with random-effects models. One widely used method, the Higgins-Thompson-Spiegelhalter prediction interval, replaces the heterogeneity parameter with its point estimate, but its…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-14 Kengo Nagashima , Hisashi Noma , Toshi A. Furukawa

The Shapley value provides a principled foundation for data valuation, but exact computation is #P-hard due to the exponential coalition space. Existing accelerations remain global and ignore a structural property of modern predictors: for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Xuan Yang , Hsi-Wen Chen , Ming-Syan Chen , Jian Pei

Variational inference is a general approach for approximating complex density functions, such as those arising in latent variable models, popular in machine learning. It has been applied to approximate the maximum likelihood estimator and…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-04-19 Yen-Chi Chen , Y. Samuel Wang , Elena A. Erosheva

We propose probabilistic Shapley inference (PSI), a novel probabilistic framework to model and infer sufficient statistics of feature attributions in flexible predictive models, via latent random variables whose mean recovers Shapley…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mert Ketenci , Iñigo Urteaga , Victor Alfonso Rodriguez , Noémie Elhadad , Adler Perotte

Bootstrap inference is a powerful tool for obtaining robust inference for quantiles and difference-in-quantiles estimators. The computationally intensive nature of bootstrap inference has made it infeasible in large-scale experiments. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-10 Mårten Schultzberg , Sebastian Ankargren

Bootstrapping is often applied to get confidence limits for semiparametric inference of a target parameter in the presence of nuisance parameters. Bootstrapping with replacement can be computationally expensive and problematic when…

An important disadvantage of the h-index is that typically it cannot take into account the specific field of research of a researcher. Usually sample point estimates of the average and median h-index values for the various fields are…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2017-08-29 C. Malesios , S. Psarakis

We consider the performance of a least-squares regression model, as judged by out-of-sample $R^2$. Shapley values give a fair attribution of the performance of a model to its input features, taking into account interdependencies between…

Computation · Statistics 2024-09-11 Logan Bell , Nikhil Devanathan , Stephen Boyd

The attribution problem, that is the problem of attributing a model's prediction to its base features, is well-studied. We extend the notion of attribution to also apply to feature interactions. The Shapley value is a commonly used method…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Kedar Dhamdhere , Ashish Agarwal , Mukund Sundararajan

The original development of Shapley values for prediction explanation relied on the assumption that the features being described were independent. If the features in reality are dependent this may lead to incorrect explanations. Hence,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-15 Kjersti Aas , Thomas Nagler , Martin Jullum , Anders Løland