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Most prime gaps results have been proven using tools from analytic or algebraic number theory in the last few centuries. In this paper, we would like to present some probabilistic way of proving many essential results. A major component of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-10-21 Buxin Su

We report three-dimensional particle mechanics static calculations that predict the microstructure evolution during die-compaction of elastic spherical particles up to relative densities close to one. We employ a nonlocal contact…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-08-03 Marcial Gonzalez , Alberto M. Cuitino

In this paper we study some structure properties of primitive weird numbers in terms of their factorization. We give sufficient conditions to ensure that a positive integer is weird. Two algorithms for generating weird numbers having a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-02 Gianluca Amato , Maximilian F. Hasler , Giuseppe Melfi , Maurizio Parton

Many complex systems have been shown to share universal properties of organization, such as scale independence, modularity and self-similarity. We borrow tools from statistical physics in order to study structural preferential attachment…

Distributions over rankings are used to model data in various settings such as preference analysis and political elections. The factorial size of the space of rankings, however, typically forces one to make structural assumptions, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-02-20 Jonathan Huang , Ashish Kapoor , Carlos E. Guestrin

In these notes, we refine Mitsui's Prime Number Theorem from 1957, which for a number field $K$ predicts how many prime elements there are in bounded convex sets in $K \otimes_{\mathbf Q} \mathbf R$, by incorporating potential Siegel zeros…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-07-28 Wataru Kai

We explore how the asymptotic structure of a random $n$-term weak integer composition of $m$ evolves, as $m$ increases from zero. The primary focus is on establishing thresholds for the appearance and disappearance of substructures. These…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-20 David Bevan , Dan Threlfall

The bijection between composition structures and random closed subsets of the unit interval implies that the composition structures associated with $S \cap [0,1]$ for a self-similar random set $S\subset {\mathbb R}_+$ are those which are…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Alexander Gnedin , Jim Pitman

The Erdos-Kac theorem, a foundational result in probabilistic number theory, states that the number of prime factors of an integer follows a Gaussian distribution. In this paper we develop and analyze probabilistic models for "random…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-09-05 Mantha Sai Gopal

We study the set $\mathcal{S}$ of odd positive integers $n$ with the property ${2n}/{\sigma(n)} - 1 = 1/x$, for positive integer $x$, i.e., the set that relates to odd perfect and odd "spoof perfect" numbers. As a consequence, we find that…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-29 László Tóth

It is proved that the numerical semigroups associated to the combinatorial configurations satisfy a family of non-linear symmetric patterns. Also, these numerical semigroups are studied for two particular classes of combinatorial…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2012-12-18 Klara Stokes , Maria Bras-Amorós

We speculate on the distribution of primes in exponentially growing, linear recurrence sequences $(u_n)_{n\geq 0}$ in the integers. By tweaking a heuristic which is successfully used to predict the number of prime values of polynomials, we…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Jon Grantham , Andrew Granville

We found a regularity of the behavior of primes that allows to represent both prime and natural numbers as infinite matrices with a common formation rule of their rows. This regularity determines a new class of infinite cyclic groups that…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Lubomir Alexandrov

Given a partition $\{E_0,\ldots,E_n\}$ of the set of primes and a vector $\mathbf{k} \in \mathbb{N}_0^{n+1}$, we compute an asymptotic formula for the quantity $|\{m \leq x: \omega_{E_j}(m) = k_j \ \forall \ 0 \leq j \leq n\}|$ uniformly in…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-06-16 Alexander P. Mangerel

We consider the problem of representing the fraction $5/P$ as a sum of three distinct unit fractions $1/A+1/B+1/C$ with $A<B<C$ and $A,B,C\in\mathbb{N}$. The case of primes $P\equiv 1 \pmod{5}$ is analyzed, where two constructive types of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-26 E. Dyachenko

In this paper, we show that the diffraction of the primes is absolutely continuous, showing no bright spots (Bragg peaks). We introduce the notion of counting diffraction, extending the classical notion of (density) diffraction to sets of…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-10 Adam Humeniuk , Christopher Ramsey , Nicolae Strungaru

In this paper, a new formula for {\pi}^(2)(N) is formulated, it is a function that counts the number of semi-primes not exceeding a given number N. A semi-prime is a natural number that is the product of precisely two prime numbers, the two…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-10-18 Suyash Garg

A cluster tree provides a highly-interpretable summary of a density function by representing the hierarchy of its high-density clusters. It is estimated using the empirical tree, which is the cluster tree constructed from a density…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-02-14 Jisu Kim , Yen-Chi Chen , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Alessandro Rinaldo , Larry Wasserman

This paper presents results on structures in P based on tools developed from subjects of elementary number theory. Key findings are: The arithmetical sequence H = (+-3*2; 1) is in Z the smallest superset of P \ {3, 2}. H is a semigroup. A…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2018-12-27 Michael H. Hebert

The quantitative distribution of twin primes remains a central open problem in number theory. This paper develops a heuristic model grounded in the principles of sieve theory, with the goal of constructing an analytical approximation for…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-07-14 Yuhang Shi