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The wide popularity of short videos on social media poses new opportunities and challenges to optimize recommender systems on the video-sharing platforms. Users provide complex and multi-faceted responses towards recommendations, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Qingpeng Cai , Ruohan Zhan , Chi Zhang , Jie Zheng , Guangwei Ding , Pinghua Gong , Dong Zheng , Peng Jiang

Humans achieve efficient learning by relying on prior knowledge about the structure of naturally occurring tasks. There is considerable interest in designing reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms with similar properties. This includes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Jan Humplik , Alexandre Galashov , Leonard Hasenclever , Pedro A. Ortega , Yee Whye Teh , Nicolas Heess

Most practical recommender systems focus on estimating immediate user engagement without considering the long-term effects of recommendations on user behavior. Reinforcement learning (RL) methods offer the potential to optimize…

Recent advancements in Recommender Systems (RS) have incorporated Reinforcement Learning (RL), framing the recommendation as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). However, offline RL policies trained on static user data are vulnerable to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Jie Wang , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Ioannis Arapakis , Joemon M. Jose

As a key stage of Recommender Systems (RSs), Multi-Task Fusion (MTF) is responsible for merging multiple scores output by Multi-Task Learning (MTL) into a single score, finally determining the recommendation results. Recently, Reinforcement…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Peng Liu , Cong Xu , Jiawei Zhu , Ming Zhao , Bin Wang

Recommendation systems (RS) help users find interested content and connect authors with their target audience. Most research in RS tends to focus either on predicting users' immediate feedback (like click-through rate) accurately or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yisha Li , Lexi Gao , Jingxin Liu , Xiang Gao , Xin Li , Haiyang Lu , Liyin Hong

Recommendation systems usually involve exploiting the relations among known features and content that describe items (content-based filtering) or the overlap of similar users who interacted with or rated the target item (collaborative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-06 Shuo Yang , Mohammed Korayem , Khalifeh AlJadda , Trey Grainger , Sriraam Natarajan

To overcome the curse of dimensionality and curse of modeling in Dynamic Programming (DP) methods for solving classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) problems, Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms are popular. In this paper, we consider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Arghyadip Roy , Vivek Borkar , Abhay Karandikar , Prasanna Chaporkar

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been introduced into recommender systems (RSs), either to enhance traditional recommendation models (TRMs) or serve as recommendation backbones. However, existing LLM-based RSs often do not fully…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Bowen Zheng , Xiaolei Wang , Enze Liu , Xi Wang , Lu Hongyu , Yu Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently been introduced to interactive recommender systems (IRS) because of its nature of learning from dynamic interactions and planning for long-run performance. As IRS is always with thousands of items to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Haokun Chen , Xinyi Dai , Han Cai , Weinan Zhang , Xuejian Wang , Ruiming Tang , Yuzhou Zhang , Yong Yu

In typical reinforcement learning (RL), the environment is assumed given and the goal of the learning is to identify an optimal policy for the agent taking actions through its interactions with the environment. In this paper, we extend this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang , Zhiming Zhou , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen , Yong Yu , Wenxin Li

We study the use of inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) as a tool for the recognition of agents' behavior on the basis of observation of their sequential decision behavior interacting with the environment. We model the problem faced by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-03-22 Qifeng Qiao , Peter A. Beling

Traditional recommender systems are typically passive in that they try to adapt their recommendations to the user's historical interests. However, it is highly desirable for commercial applications, such as e-commerce, advertisement…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Haoren Zhu , Hao Ge , Xiaodong Gu , Pengfei Zhao , Dik Lun Lee

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms aim to learn optimal decisions in unknown environments through experience of taking actions and observing the rewards gained. In some cases, the environment is not influenced by the actions of the RL…

Leveraging more test-time computation has proven to be an effective way to boost the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Among various methods, the verify-and-improve paradigm stands out for enabling dynamic solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Yurun Yuan , Tengyang Xie

Video-game players generate huge amounts of data, as everything they do within a game is recorded. In particular, among all the stored actions and behaviors, there is information on the in-game purchases of virtual products. Such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-29 Paul Bertens , Anna Guitart , Pei Pei Chen , África Periáñez

In this paper, we argue that the paradigm commonly adopted for offline evaluation of sequential recommender systems is unsuitable for evaluating reinforcement learning-based recommenders. We find that most of the existing offline evaluation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Romain Deffayet , Thibaut Thonet , Jean-Michel Renders , Maarten de Rijke

General purpose intelligent learning agents cycle through (complex,non-MDP) sequences of observations, actions, and rewards. On the other hand, reinforcement learning is well-developed for small finite state Markov Decision Processes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-12-30 Marcus Hutter

Recommender systems are information retrieval methods that predict user preferences to personalize services. These systems use the feedback and the ratings provided by users to model the behavior of users and to generate recommendations.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Alireza Gharahighehi , Felipe Kenji Nakano , Celine Vens

Deep learning has proved an effective means to capture the non-linear associations of user preferences. However, the main drawback of existing deep learning architectures is that they follow a fixed recommendation strategy, ignoring users'…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Dimitrios Rafailidis , Stefanos Antaris