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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in the social sciences to simulate human behavior, based on the assumption that they can generate realistic, human-like text. Yet this assumption remains largely untested. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Nicolò Pagan , Petter Törnberg , Christopher A. Bail , Anikó Hannák , Christopher Barrie

There are inherent limits in classical computation for it to serve as an adequate model of human cognition. In particular, non-commutativity, while ubiquitous in physics and psychology, cannot be sufficiently handled. We propose that we…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-11-14 Hongbin Wang , Jack W. Smith , Yanlong Sun

Progress in language and image understanding by machines has sparkled the interest of the research community in more open-ended, holistic tasks, and refueled an old AI dream of building intelligent machines. We discuss a few prominent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-01-16 Mateusz Malinowski , Mario Fritz

Contrary to the classical case, the relation between quantum programming languages and quantum Turing Machines (QTM) has not being fully investigated. In particular, there are features of QTMs that have not been exploited, a notable example…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Stefano Guerrini , Simone Martini , Andrea Masini

We show that transformer-based large language models are computationally universal when augmented with an external memory. Any deterministic language model that conditions on strings of bounded length is equivalent to a finite automaton,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Dale Schuurmans

I show that physical devices that perform observation, prediction, or recollection share an underlying mathematical structure. I call devices with that structure "inference devices". I present a set of existence and impossibility results…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-11-26 David H. Wolpert

The quest to understand consciousness, once the purview of philosophers and theologians, is now actively pursued by scientists of many stripes. This paper studies consciousness from the perspective of theoretical computer science. It…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Manuel Blum , Lenore Blum

The goal of creating Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) -- or in other words of creating Turing machines (modern computers) that can behave in a way that mimics human intelligence -- has occupied AI researchers ever since the idea of AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-02 J. Landgrebe , B. Smith

This paper provides a new and more direct proof of the assertion that a Turing computable function of the natural numbers is primitive recursive if and only if the time complexity of the corresponding Turing machine is bounded by a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Daniel G. Schwartz

We study the computational complexity theory of smooth, finite-dimensional dynamical systems. Building off of previous work, we give definitions for what it means for a smooth dynamical system to simulate a Turing machine. We then show that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Jordan Cotler , Semon Rezchikov

To date, work on formalizing connectionist computation in a way that is at least Turing-complete has focused on recurrent architectures and developed equivalences to Turing machines or similar super-Turing models, which are of more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-05-04 Anthony Di Franco

We prove that any Turing machine running on inputs of arbitrary length can be simulated by a constant bit-size transformer, as long as the context window is sufficiently long. This improves previous works, which require scaling up either…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Qian Li , Yuyi Wang

The analysis of the adaptive behaviour of many different kinds of systems such as humans, animals and machines, requires more general ways of assessing their cognitive abilities. This need is strengthened by increasingly more tasks being…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-05-10 David L. Dowe , Jose Hernandez-Orallo

Superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. In light of recent advances in machine intelligence, a number of scientists, philosophers and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Manuel Alfonseca , Manuel Cebrian , Antonio Fernandez Anta , Lorenzo Coviello , Andres Abeliuk , Iyad Rahwan

In this paper I describe and reduce to practice an objective protocol for evaluating the cognitive capabilities of a non-human system against human cognition in a laboratory environment. This is important because the existence of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-18 David J. Jilk

In order to gain a mechanistic understanding of how tinnitus emerges in the brain, we must build biologically plausible computational models that mimic both tinnitus development and perception, and test the tentative models with brain and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-10-06 Patrick Krauss , Achim Schilling

We present an original model of paraconsistent Turing machines (PTMs), a generalization of the classical Turing machines model of computation using a paraconsistent logic. Next, we briefl y describe the standard models of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Juan C. Agudelo , Walter Carnielli

What is the nature of curiosity? Is there any scientific way to understand the origin of this mysterious force that drives the behavior of even the stupidest naturally intelligent systems and is completely absent in their smartest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-28 Alex Ushveridze

This essay explores the limits of Turing machines concerning the modeling of minds and suggests alternatives to go beyond those limits.

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-10-14 Carlos Gershenson

We revisit the question (most famously) initiated by Turing: can human intelligence be completely modeled by a Turing machine? We show that the answer is \emph{no}, assuming a certain weak soundness hypothesis. More specifically we show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Yasha Savelyev