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Early-stage specifications of safety-critical systems are typically expressed in natural language, making it difficult to derive formal properties suitable for verification and needed to guarantee safety. While recent Large Language Model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Alberto Tagliaferro , Bruno Guindani , Livia Lestingi , Matteo Rossi

In this paper, we enable automated property verification of deliberative components in robot control architectures. We focus on formalizing the execution context of Behavior Trees (BTs) to provide a scalable, yet formally grounded,…

Stepwise refinement and Design-by-Contract are two formal approaches for modelling systems. These approaches are widely used in the development of systems. Both approaches have (dis-)advantages. This thesis aims to answer, is it possible to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-02-08 Victor Rivera

We propose an Event-B framework for modeling the underlying theoretical foundations of Event-B. The aim of this framework is to reuse, for Event-B itself, the refinement development process. This framework introduces first, a functional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-01-05 Jean-Paul Bodeveix , Mamoun Filali , Mohamed Tahar Bhiri , Badr Siala

We consider requirements for cyber-physical systems represented in constrained natural language. We present novel automated techniques for aiding in the development of these requirements so that they are consistent and can withstand…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Brendan Hall , Sarat Chandra Varanasi , Jan Fiedor , Joaquín Arias , Kinjal Basu , Fang Li , Devesh Bhatt , Kevin Driscoll , Elmer Salazar , Gopal Gupta

Early stages of system development involve outlining desired features such as functionality, availability, or usability. Specifications are derived from these features that concretize vague ideas presented in natural languages. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-10-09 Rongjie Yan , Chih-Hong Cheng , Guangquan Zhang , Yesheng Chai

This paper presents a SysML profile that enables the direct integration of planning semantics based on the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) into system models. Reusable stereotypes are defined for key PDDL concepts such as types,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hamied Nabizada , Tom Jeleniewski , Lasse Beers , Maximilian Weigand , Felix Gehlhoff , Alexander Fay

Automating the translation of natural language (NL) software requirements into formal specifications remains a critical challenge in scaling formal verification practices to industrial settings, particularly in safety-critical domains.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zhi Ma , Cheng Wen , Zhexin Su , Xiao Liang , Cong Tian , Shengchao Qin , Mengfei Yang

Vehicles in public traffic that are equipped with Automated Driving Systems are subject to a number of expectations: Among other aspects, their behavior should be safe, conforming to the rules of the road and provide mobility to their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Nayel Fabian Salem , Marcus Nolte , Veronica Haber , Till Menzel , Hans Steege , Robert Graubohm , Markus Maurer

The work concerns formal verification of workflow-oriented software models using deductive approach. The formal correctness of a model's behaviour is considered. Manually building logical specifications, which are considered as a set of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-01-05 Radoslaw Klimek

The formalization of process knowledge using ontologies enables consistent modeling of parameter interdependencies in manufacturing. These interdependencies are typically represented as mathematical expressions that define relations between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Tom Jeleniewski , Hamied Nabizada , Jonathan Reif , Felix Gehlhoff , Alexander Fay

Countless domains rely on Machine Learning (ML) models, including safety-critical domains, such as autonomous driving, which this paper focuses on. While the black box nature of ML is simply a nuisance in some domains, in safety-critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Lynn Vonderhaar , Timothy Elvira , Tyler Procko , Omar Ochoa

Knowledge representation and reasoning has a long history of examining how knowledge can be formalized, interpreted, and semantically analyzed by machines. In the area of automated vehicles, recent advances suggest the ability to formalize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Lukas Westhofen , Christian Neurohr , Martin Butz , Maike Scholtes , Michael Schuldes

Requirements are informal and semi-formal descriptions of the expected behavior of a complex system from the viewpoints of its stakeholders (customers, users, operators, designers, and engineers). However, for the purpose of design,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-04-21 Shalini Ghosh , Daniel Elenius , Wenchao Li , Patrick Lincoln , Natarajan Shankar , Wilfried Steiner

Application of formal models provides many benefits for the software and system development, however, the learning curve of formal languages could be a critical factor for an industrial project. Thus, a natural language specification that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-07 Phan Vo Thu Nhat , Maria Spichkova

Behavior Engineering (BE) provides a rigorous way to derive a formal specification of a software system from the requirements written in natural language. Its graphical specification language, Behavior Tree (BT), has been used with success…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-01-22 Kushal Ahmed , Toby Myers , Lian Wen , Abdul Sattar

Foundational ontologies devoted to the effective representation of processes and procedures are not widely investigated at present, thereby limiting the practical adoption of semantic approaches in real scenarios where the precise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Giampaolo Bella , Gianpietro Castiglione , Daniele Francesco Santamaria

[Context&Motivation]Due to the managerial ,operational and evolutionary independence of constituent systems (CSs) in a System of Systems (SoS) context, top-down and linear requirements engineering (RE) approaches are insufficient. RE…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Carsten Wiecher , Joel Greenyer , Carsten Wolff , Harald Anacker , Roman Dumitrescu

When developing devices, architectures and services for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) world, manufacturers or integrators must be aware of the security requirements expressed by both laws and specifications. To provide tools guiding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Daniel Naro , Jaime Delgado , Silvia Llorente , Amanda Palomo

Nowadays many software development frameworks implement Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) as a mean of automating the test of interactive systems under construction. Automated testing helps to simulate user's action on the User Interface…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Thiago Rocha , Jean-Luc Hak , Marco Winckler