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Various practical problems within the class $\Sigma_{2}^P$ possess an unambiguity property, meaning that yes-instances correspond with a unique witness. The semantic class containing all unambiguous $\Sigma_{2}^P$ problems is denoted…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Matan Gilboa , Paul W. Goldberg , Elias Koutsoupias , Noam Nisan

It is well known that quantum, randomized and deterministic (sequential) query complexities are polynomially related for total boolean functions. We find that significantly larger separations between the parallel generalizations of these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Joseph Carolan , Amin Shiraz Gilani , Mahathi Vempati

As deep learning applications continue to become more diverse, an interesting question arises: Can general problem solving arise from jointly learning several such diverse tasks? To approach this question, deep multi-task learning is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Elliot Meyerson , Risto Miikkulainen

Nonconvex optimization is central to modern machine learning, but the general framework of nonconvex optimization yields weak convergence guarantees that are too pessimistic compared to practice. On the other hand, while convexity enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Artem Riabinin , Ahmed Khaled , Peter Richtárik

In the present paper I formulate a framework that accommodates many unambiguous discrimination problems. I show that the prior information about any type of constituent (state, channel, or observable) allows us to reformulate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-15 Michal Sedlák

In this paper, a modified formulation of generalized probabilistic theories that will always give rise to the structure of Hilbert space of quantum mechanics, in any finite outcome space, is presented and the guidelines to how to extend…

General Physics · Physics 2022-09-19 Raed M. Shaiia

Dempster-Shafer theory is widely applied to uncertainty modelling and knowledge reasoning due to its ability of expressing uncertain information. However, some conditions, such as exclusiveness hypothesis and completeness constraint, limit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-13 Xinyang Deng , Yong Deng

Efficient modeling of uncertain information in real world is still an open issue. Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is one of the most commonly used methods. However, the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory has the assumption that the hypothesis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-14 Yong Deng

In quantum theory every state can be diagonalized, i.e. decomposed as a convex combination of perfectly distinguishable pure states. This elementary structure plays an ubiquitous role in quantum mechanics, quantum information theory, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-06 Giulio Chiribella , Carlo Maria Scandolo

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved tremendous success in computer vision, natural language processing, and scientific and engineering domains. However, DNNs can make unexpected, incorrect, yet overconfident predictions, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Wenchong He , Zhe Jiang , Tingsong Xiao , Zelin Xu , Yukun Li

Learning-to-optimize leverages machine learning to accelerate optimization algorithms. While empirical results show tremendous improvements compared to classical optimization algorithms, theoretical guarantees are mostly lacking, such that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Michael Sucker , Peter Ochs

Quantum mechanics is widely regarded as a complete theory, yet we argue it is a tractable projection of a deeper, computationally-inaccessible classical variational structure. By analyzing the coupled partial differential equations of the…

General Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Khaled Mnaymneh

We discuss in detail the uniform discretization approach to the quantization of totally constrained theories. This approach allows to construct the continuum theory of interest as a well defined, controlled, limit of well behaved discrete…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Miguel Campiglia , Cayetano Di Bartolo , Rodolfo Gambini , Jorge Pullin

We consider the problem of universal decoding for arbitrary unknown channels in the random coding regime. For a given random coding distribution and a given class of metric decoders, we propose a generic universal decoder whose average…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Neri Merhav

Quantum adversarial machine learning is an emerging field that studies the vulnerability of quantum learning systems against adversarial perturbations and develops possible defense strategies. Quantum universal adversarial perturbations are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-26 Yun-Zhong Qiu

An operational probabilistic theory where all systems are classical, and all pure states of composite systems are entangled, is constructed. The theory is endowed with a rule for composing an arbitrary number of systems, and with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-24 Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano , Marco Erba , Paolo Perinotti

Machine learning models rely on various assumptions to attain high accuracy. One of the preliminary assumptions of these models is the independent and identical distribution, which suggests that the train and test data are sampled from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Paras Sheth , Raha Moraffah , K. Selçuk Candan , Adrienne Raglin , Huan Liu

Understanding minimal assumptions that enable learning and generalization is perhaps the central question of learning theory. Several celebrated results in statistical learning theory, such as the VC theorem and Littlestone's…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-25 Moïse Blanchard , Abhishek Shetty , Alexander Rakhlin

Domain generalization aims to apply knowledge gained from multiple labeled source domains to unseen target domains. The main difficulty comes from the dataset bias: training data and test data have different distributions, and the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Ya Li , Mingming Gong , Xinmei Tian , Tongliang Liu , Dacheng Tao

In 1978, Schaefer proved his famous dichotomy theorem for generalized satisfiability problems. He defined an infinite number of propositional satisfiability problems, showed that all these problems are either in P or NP-complete, and gave a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Edith Hemaspaandra