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Embedding diagrams prove to be quite useful when learning general relativity as they offer a way of visualizing spacetime curvature through warped two dimensional (2D) surfaces. In this manuscript we present a different 2D construct that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-19 Chad A. Middleton

In this paper a classification of Reidemeister moves, which is the most refined, is introduced. In particular, this classification distinguishes some $\Omega_3$-moves that only differ in how the three strands that are involved in the move…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2016-09-07 Olof-Petter OEstlund

We give an explicit algorithm to Legendrian realize a homologically nontrivial simple closed curve on a ribbon surface of a Legendrian graph in the standard contact structure $(\mathbb{R}^3,\xi_{\rm st})$. As an application, we obtain an…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-04-10 Eric Stenhede

We construct a combinatorial invariant of Legendrian knots in standard contact three-space. This invariant, which encodes rational relative Symplectic Field Theory and extends contact homology, counts holomorphic disks with an arbitrary…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2015-05-13 Lenhard Ng

We present an atlas of Legendrian knots in standard contact three-space. This gives a conjectural Legendrian classification for all knots with arc index at most 9, including alternating knots through 7 crossings and nonalternating knots…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2013-05-08 Wutichai Chongchitmate , Lenhard Ng

We give a necessary condition for two diagrams of $3$-regular spatial graphs with the same underlying abstract graph $G$ to represent isotopic spatial graphs. The test works by reading off the writhes of the knot diagrams coming from a…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2024-04-16 Stefan Friedl , Tejas Kalelkar , José Pedro Quintanilha

Using the combinatorial approach to knot Floer homology, we define an invariant for Legendrian knots in the three-sphere, which takes values in link Floer homology. This invariant can be used to also construct an invariant of transverse…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2014-11-11 Peter Ozsvath , Zoltan Szabo , Dylan Thurston

We construct infinite families of non-simple isotopy classes of links in overtwisted contact structures on $S^1$-bundles over surfaces. These examples include: (1) a pair of Legendrian links that are not Legendrian isotopic, but which are…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Patricia Cahn , Rima Chatterjee , Vladimir Chernov

Each ruling of a Legendrian link can be naturally treated as a surface. For knots, the ruling is 2-graded if and only if the surface is orientable. For 2-graded rulings of homogeneous (in particular, alternating) knots, we prove that the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-11-26 Tamás Kálmán

We study Legendrian surfaces determined by cubic planar graphs. Graphs with distinct chromatic polynomials determine surfaces that are not Legendrian isotopic, thus giving many examples of non-isotopic Legendrian surfaces with the same…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2017-01-19 David Treumann , Eric Zaslow

We present a category theoretical generalization of the Goussarov theorem for finite type invariants, relating generating sets for generalized finite type theories with diagrams systems for the corresponding topological objects. We will…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Cole Hugelmeyer

We introduce constructions of exact Lagrangian cobordisms with cylindrical Legendrian ends and study their invariants which arise from Symplectic Field Theory. A pair $(X,L)$ consisting of an exact symplectic manifold $X$ and an exact…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2012-12-27 Tobias Ekholm , Ko Honda , Tamás Kálmán

We introduce a new combinatorial method to encode knots and links with applications to knot invariants. Clasp diagrams defined in this paper are combinatorial blueprints for building knot diagrams out of full twists on two strings rather…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-11-11 Jacob Mostovoy , Michael Polyak

We prove a neighbourhood theorem for arbitrary knots in contact 3-manifolds. As an application we show that two topologically isotopic Legendrian knots in a contact 3-manifold become Legendrian isotopic after suitable stabilisations.

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2011-12-08 Hansjörg Geiges , Fan Ding

\"Ostlund (2001) showed that all planar isotopy invariants of generic plane curves that are unchanged under cusp moves and triple point moves, and of finite degree (in self-tangency moves) are trivial. Here the term "of finite degree" means…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2022-01-19 Noboru Ito

Ng constructed an invariant of knots in ${\mathbb{R}}^3$, a combinatorial knot contact homology. Extending his study, we construct an invariant of surface-knots in ${\mathbb{R}}^4$ using diagrams in ${\mathbb{R}}^3$.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Hiroshi Matsuda

We define a differential graded algebra associated to Legendrian knots in thickened convex surfaces $\Sigma\times \mathbb{R}$. The algebra is defined in the same spirit as the Chekanov-Eliashberg DGA for Legendrians in $\mathbb{R}^3$, but…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Nancy Mae Eagles , Zijian Rong

We study invariant surfaces generated by one-parameter subgroups of simply and pseudo isotropic rigid motions. Basically, the simply and pseudo isotropic geometries are the study of a three-dimensional space equipped with a rank 2 metric of…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2021-02-19 Luiz C. B. da Silva

We investigate an equivalence relation on Legendrian knots in the standard contact three-space defined by the existence of an interpolating zigzag of Lagrangian cobordisms. We compare this relation, restricted to genus-$0$ surfaces, to…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2023-08-07 Joshua M. Sabloff , David Shea Vela-Vick , C. -M. Michael Wong , Angela Wu

We give a presentation for a non-split compact surface embedded in the 3-sphere by using diagrams of spatial trivalent graphs equipped with signs and we define Reidemeister moves for such signed diagrams. We show that two diagrams of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-10-24 Shosaku Matsuzaki