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The chaos game representation (CGR) is an interesting method to visualize one-dimensional sequences. In this paper, we show how to construct a chaos game representation. The applications mentioned here are biological, in which CGR was able…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2020-12-18 Eunice Y. S. Chan , Robert M. Corless

A new three dimensional approach to the chaos game representation of protein sequences is explored in this thesis. The basics of DNA, the synthesis of proteins from DNA, protein structure and functionality and sequence alignment techniques…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-03-20 Annie Thomas

A 3D chaos game is shown to be a useful way for encoding DNA sequences. Since matching subsequences in DNA converge in space in 3D chaos game encoding, a DNA sequence's 3D chaos game representation can be used to compare DNA sequences…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-11 Stephanie Young , Jerome Gilles

This paper establishes formal mathematical foundations linking Chaos Game Representations (CGR) of DNA sequences to their underlying $k$-mer frequencies. We prove that the Frequency CGR (FCGR) of order $k$ is mathematically equivalent to a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haoze He , Lila Kari , Pablo Millan Arias

Biological classification with interpretability remains a challenging task. For this, we introduce a novel encoding framework, Multi-Scale Reversible Chaos Game Representation (MS-RCGR), that transforms biological sequences into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sarwan Ali , Taslim Murad

We present a novel information-preserving Chaos Game Representation (CGR) method, also called Reverse-CGR (R-CGR), for biological sequence analysis that addresses the fundamental limitation of traditional CGR approaches - the loss of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Sarwan Ali

This study proposes CGRclust, a novel combination of unsupervised twin contrastive clustering of Chaos Game Representations (CGR) of DNA sequences, with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). To the best of our knowledge, CGRclust is the…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-14 Fatemeh Alipour , Kathleen A. Hill , Lila Kari

Nowadays, studying introns is becoming a very promising field in the genomics. Even though they play a role in the dynamic regulation of gene and in the organism's evolution, introns have not attracted enough attention like exons did;…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-06-24 Imen Messaoudi , Afef Elloumi Oueslati , Zied Lachiri

As long as human beings exist on this earth, there will be confidential images intended for limited audience. These images have to be transmitted in such a way that no unauthorized person gets knowledge of them. DNA sequences play a vital…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-11-28 Grasha Jacob , A. Murugan

Researchers in the field of DNA-based chaotic cryptography have recently proposed a set of novel and efficient image encryption algorithms. In this paper, we present a comprehensive summary of those techniques, which are available in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-05-08 Chiranjoy Chattopadhyay , Bikramjit Sarkar , Debaprasad Mukherjee

In this paper, we propose a novel conservative chaotic standard map-driven dynamic DNA coding (encoding, addition, subtraction and decoding) for the image encryption. The proposed image encryption algorithm is a dynamic DNA coding algorithm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Vinod Patidar , Gurpreet Kaur

Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. T cell receptors (TCRs), crucial proteins in the immune system, play a key role in recognizing antigens, including those associated with cancer. Recent advancements in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Taslim Murad , Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Imdad Ullah Khan , Murray Patterson

In this paper, we consider a possible representation of a DNA sequence in a quaternary tree, in which on can visualize repetitions of subwords. The CGR-tree turns a sequence of letters into a digital search tree (DST), obtained from the…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-08-16 Peggy Cénac , Brigitte Chauvin , Stéphane Ginouillac , Nicolas Pouyanne

We live in a period where bio-informatics is rapidly expanding, a significant quantity of genomic data has been produced as a result of the advancement of high-throughput genome sequencing technology, raising concerns about the costs…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-03-10 Mehedi Hasan Sarkar , Adnan Ferdous Ashrafi

DNA sequences encode critical genetic information, yet their variable length and discrete nature impede direct utilization in deep learning models. Existing DNA representation schemes convert sequences into numerical vectors but fail to…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-16 Zhiyuan Peng , Naifan Zhang , Yuanbo Tang , Yang Li

The analysis of sequences (e.g., protein, DNA, and SMILES string) is essential for disease diagnosis, biomaterial engineering, genetic engineering, and drug discovery domains. Conventional analytical methods focus on transforming sequences…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-20 Taslim Murad , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson

With the advancement in technology, digital images can easily be transmitted and stored over the Internet. Encryption is used to avoid illegal interception of digital images. Encrypting large-sized colour images in their original dimension…

How to represent the genetic code? Despite the fact that it is extensively known, the DNA mapping into proteins remains as one of the relevant discoveries of genetics. However, modern genomic signal processing usually requires converting…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2015-03-10 H. M. de Oliveira , N. S. Santos-Magalhaes

Accurate molecular sequence analysis is a key task in the field of bioinformatics. To apply molecular sequence classification algorithms, we first need to generate the appropriate representations of the sequences. Traditional numeric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Sarwan Ali , Tamkanat E Ali , Imdad Ullah Khan , Murray Patterson

The yearly global production of data is growing exponentially, outpacing the capacity of existing storage media, such as tape and disk, and surpassing our ability to store it. DNA storage - the representation of arbitrary information as…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-04 Thomas Heinis , Roman Sokolovskii , Jamie J. Alnasir
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