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Star-forming galaxies display a close relation among stellar mass, metallicity and star-formation rate (or molecular-gas mass). This is known as the fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) (or molecular-gas FMR), and it has a profound…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-01-31 Tetsuya Hashimoto , Tomotsugu Goto , Rieko Momose

The mass-metallicity relation (MZR) represents one of the most important scaling relations in the context of galaxy evolution, comprising a positive correlation between stellar mass and metallicity (Z). The fundamental metallicity relation…

We present observational evidence for a stellar Fundamental Metallicity Relation (FMR), a smooth relation between stellar mass, star-formation rate (SFR) and the light-weighted stellar metallicity of galaxies (analogous to the…

Context. One of the most fundamental scaling relations in galaxies is observed between metallicity and stellar mass -- the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) -- although recently a stronger dependence of the gas-phase metallicity with the…

We show that the mass-metallicity relation observed in the local universe is due to a more general relation between stellar mass M*, gas-phase metallicity and SFR. Local galaxies define a tight surface in this 3D space, the Fundamental…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 F. Mannucci , G. Cresci , R. Maiolino , A. Marconi , A. Gnerucci

Metallicity appears to be one the most important tool to study formation and evolution of galaxies. Recently, we have shown that metallicity of local galaxies is tightly related not only to stellar mass, but also to star formation rate…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-02 F. Mannucci , G. Cresci

The Star-Forming Main Sequence (SFMS) serves as a critical framework for understanding galaxy evolution, highlighting the relationship between star formation rates (SFR) and stellar masses M_* across cosmic time. Despite its significance,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-03-10 Zhicheng He , Enci Wang , Luis C. Ho , Huiyuan Wang , Yong Shi , Xu Kong , Tinggui Wang

Recent results have suggested that the well known mass-metallicity relation has a strong dependence on the star formation rate, to the extent that a three dimensional `fundamental metallicity relation' exists which links the three…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 M. S. Bothwell , R. Maiolino , R. Kennicutt. , G. Cresci , F. Mannucci , A. Marconi , C. Cicone

The fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) states that galaxies of the same stellar mass but larger star formation rate (SFR) tend to have smaller gas-phase metallicity (<Zg>). It is thought to be fundamental because it naturally arises…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-06-12 J. Sanchez Almeida , L. Sanchez-Menguiano

We present a simple, redshift-independent analytic model that explains the local Fundamental Metallicity Relation (FMR), taking into account the physical processes of star formation, inflow of metal-poor intergalactic medium (IGM) gas, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-04 Pratika Dayal , Andrea Ferrara , James S. Dunlop

The fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) of galaxies is a 3D relation between the gas-phase metallicity, stellar mass and star-formation rate (SFR). It has been studied so far only for galaxies identified as star-forming (SF) on the BPT…

The scatter about the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) has a correlation with the star formation rate (SFR) of galaxies. The lack of evidence of evolution in correlated scatter at $z\lesssim2.5$ leads many to refer to the relationship…

The relationships between stellar mass, gas-phase metallicity and star formation rate (i.e. the Mass-Metallicity, MZR, and the Fundamental Metallcity Relation, FMR) in the local Universe are revisited by fully anchoring the metallicity…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-12-10 Mirko Curti , Filippo Mannucci , Giovanni Cresci , Roberto Maiolino

In this work we present an analysis of the behaviour of galaxies in a four-dimensional parameter space defined by stellar mass, metallicity, star formation rate, and molecular gas mass. We analyse a combined sample of 227 galaxies, which…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-10-26 M. S. Bothwell , R. Maiolino , C. Cicone , Y. Peng , J. Wagg

We revisit the extensively debated star-forming main sequence (SFMS)-a tight correlation between the star formation rate and stellar mass in both kiloparsec-resolved and integrated galaxies. We statistically explore the fundamental drivers…

There is evidence that the well-established mass-metallicity relation in galaxies is correlated with a third parameter: star formation rate (SFR). The strength of this correlation may be used to disentangle the relative importance of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-11-01 O. Grace Telford , Julianne J. Dalcanton , Evan D. Skillman , Charlie Conroy

Star formation rates (SFRs), gas-phase metallicities, and stellar masses are crucial for studying galaxy evolution. The different relations resulting from these properties give insights into the complex interplay of gas inside galaxies and…

The fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) - the three-way trend between galaxy stellar masses, star-formation rates (SFRs) and gaseous metallicities - remains amongst the most studied extragalactic relations. Furthermore, metallicity…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-06-23 Nicholas Fraser Boardman , Vivienne Wild , Natalia Vale Asari , Francesco D'Eugenio

The metal enrichment of a galaxy is determined by the cycle of baryons in outflows, inflows, and star formation. The relative contribution and timescale of each process sets the relationship between stellar mass, metallicity, and the star…

The fundamental metallicity relation (FMR) is a postulated correlation between galaxy stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and gas-phase metallicity. At its core, this relation posits that offsets from the mass-metallicity relation…

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