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An Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a multistage, highly sophisticated, and covert form of cyber threat that gains unauthorized access to networks to either steal valuable data or disrupt the targeted network. These threats often remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Bassam Noori Shaker , Bahaa Al-Musawi , Mohammed Falih Hassan

Attacks, including the manipulation of sensor readings and the modification of actuator commands, pose a significant challenge to the security and privacy of automated systems. This paper considers discrete event systems that can be modeled…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Xiaoyan Li , Christoforos N. Hadjicostis

Attacks by Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) have been shown to be difficult to detect using traditional signature- and anomaly-based intrusion detection approaches. Deception techniques such as decoy objects, often called honey items, may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Joel Chacon , Sean McKeown , Richard Macfarlane

Collaboration among multiple organizations is imperative for contemporary intrusion detection. As modern threats become well sophisticated it is difficult for organizations to defend with threat context local to their networks alone.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-02-09 Sashank Dara , V. N. Muralidhara

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are a main impendence in cyber security of computer networks. In 2015, a successful breach remains undetected 146 days on average, reported by [Fi16].With our work we demonstrate a feasible and fast way to…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Timo Schindler

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent sophisticated cyberattacks characterized by their ability to remain undetected within the victim system for extended periods, aiming to exfiltrate sensitive data or disrupt operations. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Wei Qiao , Yebo Feng , Teng Li , Zhuo Ma , Yulong Shen , JianFeng Ma , Yang Liu

Advanced persistent threats (APTs) pose significant challenges for organizations, leading to data breaches, financial losses, and reputational damage. Existing provenance-based approaches for APT detection often struggle with high false…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yonatan Amaru , Prasanna Wudali , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

As more attention is paid to security in the context of control systems and as attacks occur to real control systems throughout the world, it has become clear that some of the most nefarious attacks are those that evade detection. The term…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-10-10 Navid Hashemi , Carlos Murguia , Justin Ruths

APT, known as Advanced Persistent Threat, is a difficult challenge for cyber defence. These threats make many traditional defences ineffective as the vulnerabilities exploited by these threats are insiders who have access to and are within…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Mohammad Mamun , Kevin Shi

Cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructures, such as water treatment facilities, represent significant threats to public health, safety, and the environment. This paper introduces a systematic approach for modeling and assessing covert…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Victor Mattos , João Henrique Schmidt , Amit Bhaya , Alan Oliveira de Sá , Daniel Sadoc Menasché , Gaurav Srivastava

As a new type of cyber attacks, advanced persistent threats (APTs) pose a severe threat to modern society. This paper focuses on the assessment of the risk of APTs. Based on a dynamic model characterizing the time evolution of the state of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-29 Xiaofan Yang , Tianrui Zhang , Lu-Xing Yang , Luosheng Wen , Yuan Yan Tang

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) pose a significant challenge in cybersecurity due to their stealthy and long-term nature. Modern supervised learning methods require extensive labeled data, which is often scarce in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , James Cheney , Talal Rahwan

Multi-stage threats like advanced persistent threats (APT) pose severe risks by stealing data and destroying infrastructure, with detection being challenging. APTs use novel attack vectors and evade signature-based detection by obfuscating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Florian Nelles , Abbas Yazdinejad , Ali Dehghantanha , Reza M. Parizi , Gautam Srivastava

Static side-channel analysis attacks, which rely on a stopped clock to extract sensitive information, pose a growing threat to embedded systems' security. To protect against such attacks, several proposed defenses aim to detect unexpected…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Kyle Mitard , Saleh Khalaj Monfared , Fatemeh Khojasteh Dana , Robert Dumitru , Yuval Yarom , Shahin Tajik

The exponential growth of Internet traffic has made public servers increasingly vulnerable to unauthorized accesses and intrusions. In addition to maintaining low latency for the client, filtering unauthorized accesses has become one of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2009-06-30 Ram Kumar Singh , Prof. T. Ramajujam

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attack, also known as directed threat attack, refers to the continuous and effective attack activities carried out by an organization on a specific object. They are covert, persistent and targeted, which are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Ru Zhang , Wenxin Sun , Jianyi Liu , Jingwen Li , Guan Lei , Han Guo

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are stealthy cyberattacks that often evade detection in system-level audit logs. Provenance graphs model these logs as connected entities and events, revealing relationships that are missed by linear log…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ahmed Aly , Essam Mansour , Amr Youssef

Lateral movement is a crucial component of advanced persistent threat (APT) attacks in networks. Attackers exploit security vulnerabilities in internal networks or IoT devices, expanding their control after initial infiltration to steal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Jiajun Zhou , Jiacheng Yao , Xuanze Chen , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan , Xiaoniu Yang

In the last decade, a new class of cyber-threats has emerged. This new cybersecurity adversary is known with the name of "Advanced Persistent Threat" (APT) and is referred to different organizations that in the last years have been "in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Giuseppe Laurenza , Riccardo Lazzeretti , Luca Mazzotti

Backdoor attacks pose a serious threat to the security of large language models (LLMs), causing them to exhibit anomalous behavior under specific trigger conditions. The design of backdoor triggers has evolved from fixed triggers to dynamic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Haotian Jin , Yang Li , Haihui Fan , Lin Shen , Xiangfang Li , Bo Li