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Unmeasured confounding remains a critical challenge in causal inference for the social sciences. This paper proposes a sensitivity analysis framework to systematically evaluate how unmeasured confounders influence statistical inference in…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-21 Cheng Lin , Jose M. Pena , Adel Daoud

Motivated by risk assessment of coastal flooding, we consider time-consuming simulators with a spatial output. The aim is to perform sensitivity analysis (SA), quantifying the influence of input parameters on the output. There are three…

Techniques for understanding the functioning of complex machine learning models are becoming increasingly popular, not only to improve the validation process, but also to extract new insights about the data via exploratory analysis. Though…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-02 Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Irene Kim , Rushil Anirudh , Peer-Timo Bremer

While observational data are routinely used to estimate causal effects of biomedical treatments, doing so requires special methods to adjust for observed confounding. These methods invariably rely on untestable statistical and causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-02 Arman Oganisian

Bayesian inference is often utilized for uncertainty quantification tasks. A recent analysis by Xu and Raginsky 2022 rigorously decomposed the predictive uncertainty in Bayesian inference into two uncertainties, called aleatoric and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-25 Futoshi Futami , Tomoharu Iwata

The sensitivity of parameters in computational science problems is difficult to assess, especially for algorithms with multiple input parameters and diverse outputs. This work seeks to explore sensitivity analysis in the visualization…

Observational studies provide invaluable opportunities to draw causal inference, but they may suffer from biases due to pretreatment difference between treated and control units. Matching is a popular approach to reduce observed covariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-17 Xinran Li

Sentiment analysis (SA) aims to identify the sentiment expressed in a text, such as a product review. Given a review and the sentiment associated with it, this work formulates SA as a combination of two tasks: (1) a causal discovery task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhiheng Lyu , Zhijing Jin , Fernando Gonzalez , Rada Mihalcea , Bernhard Schölkopf , Mrinmaya Sachan

For nonlinear supervised learning models, assessing the importance of predictor variables or their interactions is not straightforward because it can vary in the domain of the variables. Importance can be assessed locally with sensitivity…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-14 Topi Paananen , Michael Riis Andersen , Aki Vehtari

Statistics is sometimes described as the science of reasoning under uncertainty. Statistical models provide one view of this uncertainty, but what is frequently neglected is the 'invisible' portion of uncertainty: that assumed not to exist…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-18 Oliver L. Pescott , Robin J. Boyd , Gary D. Powney , Gavin B. Stewart

Unmeasured confounding may undermine the validity of causal inference with observational studies. Sensitivity analysis provides an attractive way to partially circumvent this issue by assessing the potential influence of unmeasured…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-15 Peng Ding , Tyler VanderWeele

Unquantified sources of uncertainty in observational causal analyses can break the integrity of the results. One would never want another analyst to repeat a calculation with the same dataset, using a seemingly identical procedure, only to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-12 Marco Morucci , Md. Noor-E-Alam , Cynthia Rudin

In this paper, the sensitivity analysis of a single scale model is employed in order to reduce the input dimensionality of the related multiscale model, in this way, improving the efficiency of its uncertainty estimation. The approach is…

Computation · Statistics 2019-11-12 Anna Nikishova , Giovanni E. Comi , Alfons G. Hoekstra

We conduct an inquiry into the sociotechnical aspects of sentiment analysis (SA) by critically examining 189 peer-reviewed papers on their applications, models, and datasets. Our investigation stems from the recognition that SA has become…

Uncertainty quantification is a primary challenge for reliable modeling and simulation of complex stochastic dynamics. Such problems are typically plagued with incomplete information that may enter as uncertainty in the model parameters, or…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-07-15 Paul Dupuis , Markos A. Katsoulakis , Yannis Pantazis , Petr Plechac

Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is used to quantify the influence of uncertain variables in a mathematical model. Prior to performing GSA, the user must specify (or implicitly assume), a probability distribution to model the uncertainty,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-11-22 Joseph Hart , Pierre Gremaud

Many trials are designed to collect outcomes at or around pre-specified times after randomization. If there is variability in the times when participants are actually assessed, this can pose a challenge to learning the effect of treatment,…

Sensitivity analysis is an important part of a mathematical modeller's toolbox for model analysis. In this review paper, we describe the most frequently used sensitivity techniques, discussing their advantages and limitations, before…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-01-14 George Qian , Adam Mahdi

Uncertainty estimation is an essential and heavily-studied component for the reliable application of semantic segmentation methods. While various studies exist claiming methodological advances on the one hand, and successful application on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Kim-Celine Kahl , Carsten T. Lüth , Maximilian Zenk , Klaus Maier-Hein , Paul F. Jaeger

The adaptation and use of Machine Learning (ML) in our daily lives has led to concerns in lack of transparency, privacy, reliability, among others. As a result, we are seeing research in niche areas such as interpretability, causality, bias…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Fahimeh Fakour , Ali Mosleh , Ramin Ramezani