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We prove that the evidence lower bound (ELBO) employed by variational auto-encoders (VAEs) admits non-trivial solutions having constant posterior variances under certain mild conditions, removing the need to learn variances in the encoder.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Graham Fyffe

Variational Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) perform variational inference over weights, but it is difficult to specify meaningful priors and approximate posteriors in a high-dimensional weight space. We introduce functional variational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Shengyang Sun , Guodong Zhang , Jiaxin Shi , Roger Grosse

Variational Bayes (VB) is a recent approximate method for Bayesian inference. It has the merit of being a fast and scalable alternative to Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) but its approximation error is often unknown. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-05 Reza Hajargasht

We consider the fundamental problem of estimating a discrete distribution on a domain of size $K$ with high probability in Kullback-Leibler divergence. We provide upper and lower bounds on the minimax estimation rate, which show that the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-23 Dirk van der Hoeven , Julia Olkhovskaia , Tim van Erven

To make decisions based on a model fit with auto-encoding variational Bayes (AEVB), practitioners often let the variational distribution serve as a surrogate for the posterior distribution. This approach yields biased estimates of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-23 Romain Lopez , Pierre Boyeau , Nir Yosef , Michael I. Jordan , Jeffrey Regier

We study the Automatic Relevance Determination procedure applied to deep neural networks. We show that ARD applied to Bayesian DNNs with Gaussian approximate posterior distributions leads to a variational bound similar to that of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-29 Valery Kharitonov , Dmitry Molchanov , Dmitry Vetrov

The Poisson model is frequently employed to describe count data, but in a Bayesian context it leads to an analytically intractable posterior probability distribution. In this work, we analyze a variational Gaussian approximation to the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-02-14 Simon Arridge , Kazufumi Ito , Bangti Jin , Chen Zhang

This paper introduces the variational R\'enyi bound (VR) that extends traditional variational inference to R\'enyi's alpha-divergences. This new family of variational methods unifies a number of existing approaches, and enables a smooth…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-10-31 Yingzhen Li , Richard E. Turner

Generative models have achieved remarkable success across a range of applications, yet their evaluation still lacks principled uncertainty quantification. In this paper, we develop a method for comparing how close different generative…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Zijun Gao , Yan Sun , Han Su

This paper focuses on $\alpha$-divergence minimisation methods for Variational Inference. More precisely, we are interested in algorithms optimising the mixture weights of any given mixture model, without any information on the underlying…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-10 Kamélia Daudel , Randal Douc

Bayesian inference has many advantages for complex models, but standard Monte Carlo methods for summarizing the posterior can be computationally demanding, and it is attractive to consider optimization-based variational methods. Our work…

Computation · Statistics 2025-10-09 Aoxiang Chen , David J. Nott , Linda S. L. Tan

In variational inference (VI), the marginal log-likelihood is estimated using the standard evidence lower bound (ELBO), or improved versions as the importance weighted ELBO (IWELBO). We propose the multiple importance sampling ELBO…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Oskar Kviman , Harald Melin , Hazal Koptagel , Víctor Elvira , Jens Lagergren

The $\alpha$-divergences include the well-known Kullback-Leibler divergence, Hellinger distance and $\chi^2$-divergence. In this paper, we derive differential and integral relations between the $\alpha$-divergences that are generalizations…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Tomohiro Nishiyama

Many crucial problems in deep learning and statistical inference are caused by a variational gap, i.e., a difference between model evidence (log-likelihood) and evidence lower bound (ELBO). In particular, in a classical VAE setting that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Łukasz Struski , Marcin Mazur , Paweł Batorski , Przemysław Spurek , Jacek Tabor

We address the problem of Schr\"odinger potential estimation, which plays a crucial role in modern generative modelling approaches based on Schr\"odinger bridges and stochastic optimal control for SDEs. Given a simple prior diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Nikita Puchkin , Iurii Pustovalov , Yuri Sapronov , Denis Suchkov , Alexey Naumov , Denis Belomestny

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are a standard framework for inducing latent variable models that have been shown effective in learning text representations as well as in text generation. The key challenge with using VAEs is the {\it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Serhii Havrylov , Ivan Titov

We consider the nonlinear Kalman filtering problem using Kullback-Leibler (KL) and $\alpha$-divergence measures as optimization criteria. Unlike linear Kalman filters, nonlinear Kalman filters do not have closed form Gaussian posteriors…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-11-22 San Gultekin , John Paisley

We consider model-based reinforcement learning in finite Markov De- cision Processes (MDPs), focussing on so-called optimistic strategies. In MDPs, optimism can be implemented by carrying out extended value it- erations under a constraint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-09-22 Sarah Filippi , Olivier Cappé , Aurélien Garivier

Estimating Kullback-Leibler divergence from identical and independently distributed samples is an important problem in various domains. One simple and effective estimator is based on the k nearest neighbor distances between these samples.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Puning Zhao , Lifeng Lai

Black-Box Variational Inference (BBVI) typically relies on Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) to optimize the Evidence Lower Bound (ELBO). However, the stochastic gradients in BBVI inherently exhibit unbounded variance, violating standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Hippolyte Labarrière , Cesare Molinari , Silvia Villa , Lorenzo Rosasco