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Anticipating the strategies of potential attackers is crucial for protecting critical infrastructure. We can represent the challenge of the defenders of such infrastructure as a Stackelberg security game. The defender must decide how to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Pamela Bustamante-Faúndez , Víctor Bucarey L. , Martine Labbé , Vladimir Marianov , Fernando Ordóñez

Optimizing strategic decisions (a.k.a. computing equilibrium) is key to the success of many non-cooperative multi-agent applications. However, in many real-world situations, we may face the exact opposite of this game-theoretic problem --…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Jibang Wu , Weiran Shen , Fei Fang , Haifeng Xu

We study Stackelberg equilibria in finitely repeated games, where the leader commits to a strategy that picks actions in each round and can be adaptive to the history of play (i.e. they commit to an algorithm). In particular, we study…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Natalie Collina , Eshwar Ram Arunachaleswaran , Michael Kearns

Recent research efforts indicate that federated learning (FL) systems are vulnerable to a variety of security breaches. While numerous defense strategies have been suggested, they are mainly designed to counter specific attack patterns and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Henger Li , Tianyi Xu , Tao Li , Yunian Pan , Quanyan Zhu , Zizhan Zheng

The Stackelberg prediction game (SPG) has been extensively used to model the interactions between the learner and data provider in the training process of various machine learning algorithms. Particularly, SPGs played prominent roles in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-13 Jiali Wang , He Chen , Rujun Jiang , Xudong Li , Zihao Li

We present a resource-planning game for cyber-security of networked control systems (NCS). The NCS is assumed to be operating in closed-loop using a linear state-feedback $\mathcal{H}_2$ controller. A zero-sum, two-player Stackelberg game…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-26 Pratishtha Shukla , Lu An , Aranya Chakrabortty , Alexandra Duel-Hallen

Game theory has by now found numerous applications in various fields, including economics, industry, jurisprudence, and artificial intelligence, where each player only cares about its own interest in a noncooperative or cooperative manner,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Xiuxian Li , Min Meng , Yiguang Hong , Jie Chen

We study multi-player general-sum Markov games with one of the players designated as the leader and the other players regarded as followers. In particular, we focus on the class of games where the followers are myopic, i.e., they aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Han Zhong , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Michael I. Jordan

Autonomous systems often operate in multi-agent settings and need to make concurrent, strategic decisions, typically in uncertain environments. Verification and control problems for these systems can be tackled with concurrent stochastic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Angel Y. He , David Parker

Stackelberg games have been widely used to model interactive decision-making problems in a variety of domains such as energy systems, transportation, cybersecurity, and human-robot interaction. However, existing algorithms for solving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-14 Yansong Li , Shuo Han

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), self-interested agents attempt to establish equilibrium and achieve coordination depending on game structure. However, existing MARL approaches are mostly bound by the simultaneous actions of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Bin Zhang , Lijuan Li , Zhiwei Xu , Dapeng Li , Guoliang Fan

The $1-N$ generalized Stackelberg game (single-leader multi-follower game) is intricately intertwined with the interaction between a leader and followers (hierarchical interaction) and the interaction among followers (simultaneous…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Jaeyeon Jo , Jihwan Yu , Jinkyoo Park

Tactical Decision Games (TDGs) are military conflict scenarios presented both textually and graphically on a map. These scenarios provide a challenging domain for machine learning because they are open-ended, highly structured, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Tom Hinrichs , Greg Dunham , Ken Forbus

Stackelberg prediction games (SPGs) model strategic data manipulation in adversarial learning via a leader--follower interaction between a learner and a self-interested data provider, leading to challenging bilevel optimization problems.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-06 Tong Wei , Yangjie Xu , Xinlin Wang , Pin-Han Ho , Bhavani Shankar M. R. , Radu State , Björn Ottersten

In Stackelberg security games, a defender seeks to randomly allocate limited security resources to protect critical targets from an attack. In this paper, we study a fundamental, yet underexplored, phenomenon in security games, which we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Haifeng Xu , Milind Tambe , Shaddin Dughmi , Venil Loyd Noronha

Mean-field games (MFG) have become significant tools for solving large-scale multi-agent reinforcement learning problems under symmetry. However, the assumption of exact symmetry limits the applicability of MFGs, as real-world scenarios…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Batuhan Yardim , Niao He

Stackelberg security games are a critical tool for maximizing the utility of limited defense resources to protect important targets from an intelligent adversary. Motivated by green security, where the defender may only observe an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Andrew Perrault , Bryan Wilder , Eric Ewing , Aditya Mate , Bistra Dilkina , Milind Tambe

We study the problem of learning a Nash equilibrium (NE) in Markov games which is a cornerstone in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). In particular, we focus on infinite-horizon adversarial team Markov games (ATMGs) in which agents…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Fivos Kalogiannis , Jingming Yan , Ioannis Panageas

Synthesizing near-optimal mixed strategies for zero-sum differential games (ZSDGs) has been a longstanding challenge. Existing research mainly focuses on characterizing the theoretical value function, while the practical design of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Tao Xu , Wang Xi , Jianping He

This paper proposes and studies a class of discrete-time finite-time-horizon Stackelberg mean-field games, with one leader and an infinite number of identical and indistinguishable followers. In this game, the objective of the leader is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-11 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Jiacheng Zhang