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Validating the black-hole no-hair theorem with gravitational-wave observations of compact binary coalescences provides a compelling argument that the remnant object is indeed a black hole as described by the general theory of relativity.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-02-19 Swetha Bhagwat , Xisco Jimenez Forteza , Paolo Pani , Valeria Ferrari

The binary black hole signal GW250114, the clearest gravitational wave detected to date, offers a unique opportunity to test general relativity in the relativistic strong-gravity regime. How well does GW250114 agree with Einstein's…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-09 Leonardo Grimaldi , Elisa Maggio , Lorenzo Pompili , Alessandra Buonanno

A perturbed black hole rings down by emitting gravitational waves in tones with specific frequencies and durations. Such tones encode prized information about the geometry of the source spacetime and the fundamental nature of gravity,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-07-15 Maximiliano Isi , Will M. Farr

The binary black hole signal GW250114, the loudest gravitational wave detected to date, offers a unique opportunity to test Einstein's general relativity (GR) in the high-velocity, strong-gravity regime and probe whether the remnant…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-11 The LIGO Scientific Collaboration , the Virgo Collaboration , the KAGRA Collaboration

The ringdown of a perturbed black hole consists of a superposition of quasi-normal modes (QNMs), with complex frequencies determined by the black hole's mass and spin, while phases and amplitudes depend on binary parameters. Traditional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Koustav Chandra , Juan Calderón Bustillo

We describe early success in the evolution of binary black hole spacetimes with a numerical code based on a generalization of harmonic coordinates. Indications are that with sufficient resolution this scheme is capable of evolving binary…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Frans Pretorius

In light of the current (and future) gravitational wave detections, more sensitive tests of general relativity can be devised. Black hole spectroscopy has long been proposed as a way to test the no-hair theorem, that is, how closely an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-05-06 Iara Ota , Cecilia Chirenti

We present a new method to search for gravitational waves from quasinormal modes in the ringdowns of the remnants of the mergers of the binary black hole systems. The method is based on maximum likelihood estimation. We derive a time-domain…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-28 A. Królak , O. Dorosh

Understanding gravity is at the heart of some of the biggest questions in modern physics. While General Relativity (GR) is a theoretically unique and experimentally well-tested framework, it remains important to question whether it…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-21 Sergi Sirera

The gravitational radiation produced by binary black holes during their inspiral, merger, and ringdown phases is a promising candidate for detection by the first or second generation of kilometer-scale interferometric gravitational wave…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Jolien D. E. Creighton

The ringdown signal following a black hole (BH) merger can be modeled as a superposition of BH quasinormal modes (QNMs), offering a clean setup for testing gravitational theories. In particular, detecting multiple QNMs enables consistency…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-17 Soichiro Morisaki , Hayato Motohashi , Motoki Suzuki , Daiki Watarai

The ringdown phase of a black hole formed from the merger of two orbiting black holes is described by means of the close-limit (CL) approximation starting from second-post-Newtonian (2PN) initial conditions. The 2PN metric of point-particle…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-01-29 Alexandre Le Tiec , Luc Blanchet

There is a forbidden region in the parameter space of quasinormal modes of black holes in general relativity. Using both inspiral and ringdown phases of gravitational waves from binary black holes, we propose two methods to test general…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-09-04 Hiroyuki Nakano , Takahiro Tanaka , Takashi Nakamura

Gravitational waves from the explosive merger of distant black holes are encoded with details regarding the complex extreme-gravity spacetime present at their source. Famously described by the Kerr spacetime metric for rotating black holes…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-04-29 Zack Carson , Kent Yagi

We find a significant destructive interference among Kerr overtones in the early ringdown induced by an extreme mass-ratio merger of a massive black hole and a compact object, and that the ringdown spectrum apparently follows the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-12 Naritaka Oshita

The detection of quadratic quasi-normal modes would provide a direct probe into black hole nonlinear perturbations. We report the first observational evidence of a set of quadratic quasi-normal modes in the gravitational-wave ringdown of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-12 Yi-Fan Wang , Sizheng Ma , Neev Khera , Huan Yang

We study dynamics and radiation generation in the last few orbits and merger of a binary black hole system, applying recently developed techniques for simulations of moving black holes. Our analysis of the gravitational radiation waveforms…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 John G. Baker , Joan Centrella , Dae-Il Choi , Michael Koppitz , James van Meter

The recent first detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from binary black hole mergers has spurred a renewed interest in possible deviations from General Relativity (GR), since they could be detected in the GWs emitted by such systems. Of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-03 Hugo Roussille

We present the first modeled search for gravitational waves using the complete binary black hole gravitational waveform from inspiral through the merger and ringdown for binaries with negligible component spin. We searched approximately 2…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-08-27 The LIGO Scientific Collaboration , the Virgo Collaboration , J. Abadie , B. P. Abbott , R. Abbott , M. Abernathy , T. Accadia , F. Acernese , C. Adams , R. Adhikari , P. Ajith , B. Allen , G. S. Allen , E. Amador Ceron , R. S. Amin , S. B. Anderson , W. G. Anderson , F. Antonucci , M. A. Arain , M. C. Araya , M. Aronsson , Y. Aso , S. M. Aston , P. Astone , D. Atkinson , P. Aufmuth , C. Aulbert , S. Babak , P. Baker , G. Ballardin , T. Ballinger , S. Ballmer , D. Barker , S. Barnum , F. Barone , B. Barr , P. Barriga , L. Barsotti , M. Barsuglia , M. A. Barton , I. Bartos , R. Bassiri , M. Bastarrika , J. Bauchrowitz , Th. S. Bauer , B. Behnke , M. G. Beker , A. Belletoile , M. Benacquista , A. Bertolini , J. Betzwieser , N. Beveridge , P. T. Beyersdorf , I. A. Bilenko , G. Billingsley , J. Birch , S. Birindelli , R. Biswas , M. Bitossi , M. A. Bizouard , E. Black , J. K. Blackburn , L. Blackburn , D. Blair , B. Bland , M. Blom , C. Boccara , O. Bock , T. P. Bodiya , R. Bondarescu , F. Bondu , L. Bonelli , R. Bonnand , R. Bork , M. Born , V. Boschi , S. Bose , L. Bosi , B. Bouhou , M. Boyle , S. Braccini , C. Bradaschia , P. R. Brady , V. B. Braginsky , J. E. Brau , J. Breyer , D. O. Bridges , A. Brillet , M. Brinkmann , V. Brisson , M. Britzger , A. F. Brooks , D. A. Brown , R. Budzyński , T. Bulik , H. J. Bulten , A. Buonanno , J. Burguet-Castell , O. Burmeister , D. Buskulic , C. Buy , R. L. Byer , L. Cadonati , G. Cagnoli , J. Cain , E. Calloni , J. B. Camp , E. Campagna , P. Campsie , J. Cannizzo , K. Cannon , B. Canuel , J. Cao , C. Capano , F. Carbognani , S. Caride , S. Caudill , M. Cavaglia` , F. Cavalier , R. Cavalieri , G. Cella , C. Cepeda , E. Cesarini , O. Chaibi , T. Chalermsongsak , E. Chalkley , P. Charlton , E. Chassande-Mottin , S. Chelkowski , Y. Chen , A. Chincarini , N. Christensen , S. S. Y. Chua , C. T. Y. Chung , D. Clark , J. Clark , J. H. Clayton , F. Cleva , E. Coccia , C. N. Colacino , J. Colas , A. Colla , M. Colombini , R. Conte , D. Cook , T. R. Corbitt , N. Cornish , A. Corsi , C. A. Costa , J. -P. Coulon , D. M. Coward , D. C. Coyne , J. D. E. Creighton , T. D. Creighton , A. M. Cruise , R. M. Culter , A. Cumming , L. Cunningham , E. Cuoco , K. Dahl , S. L. Danilishin , R. Dannenberg , S. D'Antonio , K. Danzmann , K. Das , V. Dattilo , B. Daudert , M. Davier , G. Davies , A. Davis , E. J. Daw , R. Day , T. Dayanga , R. De Rosa , D. DeBra , G. Debreczeni , J. Degallaix , M. del Prete , V. Dergachev , R. DeRosa , R. DeSalvo , P. Devanka , S. Dhurandhar , L. Di Fiore , A. Di Lieto , I. Di Palma , M. Di Paolo Emilio , A. Di Virgilio , M. Díaz , A. Dietz , F. Donovan , K. L. Dooley , E. E. Doomes , S. Dorsher , E. S. D. Douglas , M. Drago , R. W. P. Drever , J. C. Driggers , J. Dueck , J. -C. Dumas , T. Eberle , M. Edgar , M. Edwards , A. Effler , P. Ehrens , G. Ely , R. Engel , T. Etzel , M. Evans , T. Evans , V. Fafone , S. Fairhurst , Y. Fan , B. F. Farr , D. Fazi , H. Fehrmann , D. Feldbaum , I. Ferrante , F. Fidecaro , L. S. Finn , I. Fiori , R. Flaminio , M. Flanigan , K. Flasch , S. Foley , C. Forrest , E. Forsi , L. A. Forte , N. Fotopoulos , J. -D. Fournier , J. Franc , S. Frasca , F. Frasconi , M. Frede , M. Frei , Z. Frei , A. Freise , R. Frey , T. T. Fricke , D. Friedrich , P. Fritschel , V. V. Frolov , P. Fulda , M. Fyffe , M. Galimberti , L. Gammaitoni , J. A. Garofoli , F. Garufi , M. E. Gáspár , G. Gemme , E. Genin , A. Gennai , I. Gholami , S. Ghosh , J. A. Giaime , S. Giampanis , K. D. Giardina , A. Giazotto , C. Gill , E. Goetz , L. M. Goggin , G. González , M. L. Gorodetsky , S. Goßler , R. Gouaty , C. Graef , M. Granata , A. Grant , S. Gras , C. Gray , R. J. S. Greenhalgh , A. M. Gretarsson , C. Greverie , R. Grosso , H. Grote , S. Grunewald , G. M. Guidi , E. K. Gustafson , R. Gustafson , B. Hage , P. Hall , J. M. Hallam , D. Hammer , G. Hammond , J. Hanks , C. Hanna , J. Hanson , J. Harms , G. M. Harry , I. W. Harry , E. D. Harstad , K. Haughian , K. Hayama , J. -F. Hayau , T. Hayler , J. Heefner , H. Heitmann , P. Hello , I. S. Heng , A. W. Heptonstall , M. Hewitson , S. Hild , E. Hirose , D. Hoak , K. A. Hodge , K. Holt , D. J. Hosken , J. Hough , E. J. Howell , D. Hoyland , D. Huet , B. Hughey , S. Husa , S. H. Huttner , T. Huynh-Dinh , D. R. Ingram , R. Inta , T. Isogai , A. Ivanov , P. Jaranowski , W. W. Johnson , D. I. Jones , G. Jones , R. Jones , L. Ju , P. Kalmus , V. Kalogera , S. Kandhasamy , J. B. Kanner , E. Katsavounidis , K. Kawabe , S. Kawamura , F. Kawazoe , W. Kells , D. G. Keppel , A. Khalaidovski , F. Y. Khalili , E. A. Khazanov , H. Kim , P. J. King , D. L. Kinzel , J. S. Kissel , S. Klimenko , V. Kondrashov , R. Kopparapu , S. Koranda , I. Kowalska , D. Kozak , T. Krause , V. Kringel , S. Krishnamurthy , B. Krishnan , A. Królak , G. Kuehn , J. Kullman , R. Kumar , P. Kwee , M. Landry , M. Lang , B. Lantz , N. Lastzka , A. Lazzarini , P. Leaci , J. Leong , I. Leonor , N. Leroy , N. Letendre , J. Li , T. G. F. Li , N. Liguori , H. Lin , P. E. Lindquist , N. A. Lockerbie , D. Lodhia , M. Lorenzini , V. Loriette , M. Lormand , G. Losurdo , P. Lu , J. Luan , M. Lubinski , A. Lucianetti , H. Lück , A. D. Lundgren , B. Machenschalk , M. MacInnis , M. Mageswaran , K. Mailand , E. Majorana , C. Mak , I. Maksimovic , N. Man , I. Mandel , V. Mandic , M. Mantovani , F. Marchesoni , F. Marion , S. Márka , Z. Márka , E. Maros , J. Marque , F. Martelli , I. W. Martin , R. M. Martin , J. N. Marx , K. Mason , A. Masserot , F. Matichard , L. Matone , R. A. Matzner , N. Mavalvala , R. McCarthy , D. E. McClelland , S. C. McGuire , G. McIntyre , G. McIvor , D. J. A. McKechan , G. Meadors , M. Mehmet , T. Meier , A. Melatos , A. C. Melissinos , G. Mendell , D. F. Menéndez , R. A. Mercer , L. Merill , S. Meshkov , C. Messenger , M. S. Meyer , H. Miao , C. Michel , L. Milano , J. Miller , Y. Minenkov , Y. Mino , S. Mitra , V. P. Mitrofanov , G. Mitselmakher , R. Mittleman , B. Moe , M. Mohan , S. D. Mohanty , S. R. P. Mohapatra , D. Moraru , J. Moreau , G. Moreno , N. Morgado , A. Morgia , T. Morioka , K. Mors , S. Mosca , V. Moscatelli , K. Mossavi , B. Mours , C. M. Mow-Lowry , G. Mueller , S. Mukherjee , A. Mullavey , H. Müller-Ebhardt , J. Munch , P. G. Murray , T. Nash , R. Nawrodt , J. Nelson , I. Neri , G. Newton , A. Nishizawa , F. Nocera , D. Nolting , E. Ochsner , J. O'Dell , G. H. Ogin , R. G. Oldenburg , B. O'Reilly , R. O'Shaughnessy , C. Osthelder , D. J. Ottaway , R. S. Ottens , H. Overmier , B. J. Owen , A. Page , G. Pagliaroli , L. Palladino , C. Palomba , Y. Pan , C. Pankow , F. Paoletti , M. A. Papa , S. Pardi , M. Pareja , M. Parisi , A. Pasqualetti , R. Passaquieti , D. Passuello , P. Patel , D. Pathak , M. Pedraza , L. Pekowsky , S. Penn , C. Peralta , A. Perreca , G. Persichetti , M. Pichot , M. Pickenpack , F. Piergiovanni , M. Pietka , L. Pinard , I. M. Pinto , M. Pitkin , H. J. Pletsch , M. V. Plissi , R. Poggiani , F. Postiglione , M. Prato , V. Predoi , L. R. Price , M. Prijatelj , M. Principe , R. Prix , G. A. Prodi , L. Prokhorov , O. Puncken , M. Punturo , P. Puppo , V. Quetschke , F. J. Raab , D. S. Rabeling , I. Rácz , T. Radke , H. Radkins , P. Raffai , M. Rakhmanov , B. Rankins , P. Rapagnani , V. Raymond , V. Re , C. M. Reed , T. Reed , T. Regimbau , S. Reid , D. H. Reitze , F. Ricci , R. Riesen , K. Riles , P. Roberts , N. A. Robertson , F. Robinet , C. Robinson , E. L. Robinson , A. Rocchi , S. Roddy , L. Rolland , J. Rollins , J. D. Romano , R. Romano , J. H. Romie , D. Rosińska , C. Röver , S. Rowan , A. Rüdiger , P. Ruggi , K. Ryan , S. Sakata , M. Sakosky , F. Salemi , L. Sammut , L. Sancho de la Jordana , V. Sandberg , V. Sannibale , L. Santamaría , G. Santostasi , S. Saraf , B. Sassolas , B. S. Sathyaprakash , S. Sato , M. Satterthwaite , P. R. Saulson , R. Savage , R. Schilling , R. Schnabel , R. M. S. Schofield , B. Schulz , B. F. Schutz , P. Schwinberg , J. Scott , S. M. Scott , A. C. Searle , F. Seifert , D. Sellers , A. S. Sengupta , D. Sentenac , A. Sergeev , D. A. Shaddock , B. Shapiro , P. Shawhan , D. H. Shoemaker , A. Sibley , X. Siemens , D. Sigg , A. Singer , A. M. Sintes , G. Skelton , B. J. J. Slagmolen , J. Slutsky , J. R. Smith , M. R. Smith , N. D. Smith , K. Somiya , B. Sorazu , F. C. Speirits , L. Sperandio , A. J. Stein , L. C. Stein , S. Steinlechner , S. Steplewski , A. Stochino , R. Stone , K. A. Strain , S. Strigin , A. S. Stroeer , R. Sturani , A. L. Stuver , T. Z. Summerscales , M. Sung , S. Susmithan , P. J. Sutton , B. Swinkels , G. P. Szokoly , M. Tacca , D. Talukder , D. B. Tanner , S. P. Tarabrin , J. R. Taylor , R. Taylor , P. Thomas , K. A. Thorne , K. S. Thorne , E. Thrane , A. Thüring , C. Titsler , K. V. Tokmakov , A. Toncelli , M. Tonelli , O. Torre , C. Torres , C. I. Torrie , E. Tournefier , F. Travasso , G. Traylor , M. Trias , K. Tseng , L. Turner , D. Ugolini , K. Urbanek , H. Vahlbruch , B. Vaishnav , G. Vajente , M. Vallisneri , J. F. J. van den Brand , C. Van Den Broeck , S. van der Putten , M. V. van der Sluys , A. A. van Veggel , S. Vass , M. Vasuth , R. Vaulin , M. Vavoulidis , A. Vecchio , G. Vedovato , J. Veitch , P. J. Veitch , C. Veltkamp , D. Verkindt , F. Vetrano , A. Viceré , A. E. Villar , J. -Y. Vinet , H. Vocca , C. Vorvick , S. P. Vyachanin , S. J. Waldman , L. Wallace , A. Wanner , R. L. Ward , M. Was , P. Wei , M. Weinert , A. J. Weinstein , R. Weiss , L. Wen , S. Wen , P. Wessels , M. West , T. Westphal , K. Wette , J. T. Whelan , S. E. Whitcomb , D. White , B. F. Whiting , C. Wilkinson , P. A. Willems , L. Williams , B. Willke , L. Winkelmann , W. Winkler , C. C. Wipf , A. G. Wiseman , G. Woan , R. Wooley , J. Worden , I. Yakushin , H. Yamamoto , K. Yamamoto , D. Yeaton-Massey , S. Yoshida , P. Yu , M. Yvert , M. Zanolin , L. Zhang , Z. Zhang , C. Zhao , N. Zotov , M. E. Zucker , J. Zweizig

Gravitational waves from comparable-mass binary-black-hole mergers are often described in terms of three stages: inspiral, merger and ringdown. Post-Newtonian and black-hole perturbation theories are used to model the inspiral and ringdown…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-14 Nur E. M. Rifat , David A. Nichols , Kent Yagi