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Related papers: Designing RNA Secondary Structures is Hard

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The RNA inverse folding problem, a key challenge in RNA design, involves identifying nucleotide sequences that can fold into desired secondary structures, which are critical for ensuring molecular stability and function. The inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Guang Yang , Lei Fan

A quantitative characterization of the relationship between molecular sequence and structure is essential to improve our understanding of how function emerges. This particular genotype-phenotype map has been often studied in the context of…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-04-20 José A. Cuesta , Susanna Manrubia

RNA design aims to find a sequence that folds with highest probability into a designated target structure. However, certain structures are undesignable, meaning no sequence can fold into the target structure under the default (Turner) RNA…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Tianshuo Zhou , Wei Yu Tang , Apoorv Malik , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

We view the folding of RNA-sequences as a map that assigns a pattern of base pairings to each sequence, known as secondary structure. These preimages can be constructed as random graphs (i.e. the neutral networks associated to the structure…

adap-org · Physics 2008-02-03 Christian V. Forst , Christian Reidys , Jacqueline Weber

An RNA sequence is a string composed of four types of nucleotides, $A, C, G$, and $U$. The goal of the RNA folding problem is to find a maximum cardinality set of crossing-free pairs of the form $\{A,U\}$ or $\{C,G\}$ in a given RNA…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-23 Yi-Jun Chang

It has been well accepted that the RNA secondary structures of most functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely related to their functions and are conserved during evolution. Hence, prediction of conserved secondary structures from…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2013-07-09 Michiaki Hamada

RNA secondary structure prediction and classification are two important problems in the field of RNA biology. Here, we propose a new permutation based approach to create logical non-disjoint clusters of different secondary structures of a…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2014-03-24 Nilay Chheda , Manish K Gupta

This contribution focuses on the fascinating RNA molecule, its sequence-dependent folding driven by base-pairing interactions, the interplay between these interactions and natural evolution, and its multiple regulatory roles. The four of us…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-07-28 Simona Cocco , Andrea De Martino , Andrea Pagnani , Martin Weigt

While artificial intelligence has made remarkable strides in revealing the relationship between biological macromolecules' primary sequence and tertiary structure, designing RNA sequences based on specified tertiary structures remains…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-08 Cheng Tan , Yijie Zhang , Zhangyang Gao , Bozhen Hu , Siyuan Li , Zicheng Liu , Stan Z. Li

RNA design is the search for a sequence or set of sequences that will fold into predefined structures, also known as the inverse problem of RNA folding. While numerous RNA design methods have been invented to find sequences capable of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-13 Tianshuo Zhou , Wei Yu Tang , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

In this paper, we develop new algorithms for the basic RNA folding problem. Given an RNA sequence that contains $n$ nucleotides, the goal of the problem is to compute a pseudoknot-free secondary structure that maximizes the number of base…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-23 Yinglei Song

Motivation: DNA data is transcribed into single-stranded RNA, which folds into specific molecular structures. In this paper we pose the question to what extent sequence- and structure-information correlate. We view this correlation as…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-08-23 Christopher Barrett , Fenix W. Huang , Christian M. Reidys

Designing RNA molecules has garnered recent interest in medicine, synthetic biology, biotechnology and bioinformatics since many functional RNA molecules were shown to be involved in regulatory processes for transcription, epigenetics and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Frederic Runge , Danny Stoll , Stefan Falkner , Frank Hutter

Nucleic acid sequence design via codon optimization is a fundamental task with applications across synthetic biology, mRNA therapeutics, and vaccine design. Given a target protein, it is a major open challenge to navigate the…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-22 Mark Fornace , Christina Wuyan Wang , Michael Lindsey

The information-encoding molecules RNA and DNA form a combinatorially large set of secondary structures through nucleic acid base pairing. Thermodynamic prediction algorithms predict favoured, or minimum free energy (MFE), secondary…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Ahmed Shalaby , Damien Woods

The presence of low dimensional chaos in the protein secondary structures, using the binary coded $\alpha$-helices and $\beta$-sheet motifs, has been investigated. In order to analyse symbolic DNA/RNA sequences the assignment, based on the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Martinis

Functional or non-coding RNAs are attracting more attention as they are now potentially considered valuable resources in the development of new drugs intended to cure several human diseases. The identification of drugs targeting the…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2019-12-25 Muhammad Nabeel Asima , Muhammad Imran Malik , Andreas Dengela , Sheraz Ahmed

Our work is concerned with the generation and targeted design of RNA, a type of genetic macromolecule that can adopt complex structures which influence their cellular activities and functions. The design of large scale and complex…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-02 Zichao Yan , William L. Hamilton , Mathieu Blanchette

In a DNA sequence, we have the celebrated Watson-Crick complement $\overline{T}=A$, $\overline{A}=T$, $\overline{C}=G$, and $\overline{G}=C$. Given an integer $m\ge 2$, a secondary structure in a DNA sequence refers to the existence of two…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Hui Chu , Chen Wang , Yiwei Zhang

We study the secondary structure of RNA determined by Watson-Crick pairing without pseudo-knots using Milnor invariants of links. We focus on the first non-trivial invariant, which we call the Heisenberg invariant. The Heisenberg invariant,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2008-09-19 Siddhartha Gadgil