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The Goldbach conjecture states that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. This conjecture was first proposed by German mathematician Christian Goldbach in 1742 and, despite being obviously true,…
Circular proofs, introduced by Daniyar Shamkanov, are proofs in which assumptions are allowed that are not axioms but do appear at least twice along a branch. Shamkanov has shown that a formula belongs to the provability logic GL exactly if…
We prove general Cramer type theorems for linear systems over various extensions of the tropical semiring, in which tropical numbers are enriched with an information of multiplicity, sign, or argument. We obtain existence or uniqueness…
The commutative ambiguity of a context-free grammar G assigns to each Parikh vector v the number of distinct leftmost derivations yielding a word with Parikh vector v. Based on the results on the generalization of Newton's method to…
We give a proof of a conjecture of Lehrer and Shoji regarding the occurrences of the exterior powers of the reflection representation in the cohomology of Springer fibers. The actual theorem proved is a slight extension of the original…
Parikh's Theorem states that every context-free grammar (CFG) is equivalent to some regular CFG when the ordering of symbols in the words is ignored. The same is not true for the so-called weighted CFGs, which additionally assign a weight…
The representer theorem is one of the most important mathematical foundations for regularised learning and kernel methods. Classical formulations of the theorem state sufficient conditions under which a regularisation problem on a Hilbert…
We start with a bijective proof of Schur's theorem due to Alladi and Gordon and describe how a particular iteration of it leads to some very general theorems on colored partitions. These theorems imply a number of important results,…
We present a simplified proof of the von Neumann's Quantum Ergodic Theorem. This important result was initially published in german by J. von Neumann in 1929. We are interested here in the time evolution $\psi_t$, $t\geq 0$, (for large…
We present a new proof of a primality criterion first proved by Emmanuel Vantieghem.
Schinzel's original problem was to describe when an expression f(x)-g(y), with f,g nonconstant and having complex coefficients, is reducible. We call such an (f,g) a Schinzel pair if this happens nontrivially: f(x)-g(y) is newly reducible.…
D'Alembert made the first serious attempt to prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (FTA) in 1746. An elementary proof of (FTA) based on the same idea is given in Proofs from THE BOOK. We give a shorter and more transperant version of…
Contextuality is one of the fundamental deviations of quantum mechanics from classical physics. The Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem shows that non-contextual classical physics with hidden variables is inconsistent with the predictions of…
In this note, we simplify the statements of theorems attributed to Cauchy and Ostrovsky and give proofs of each theorem via combinatorial and nonnegative matrix theory. We also show that each simple sufficient condition in each statement is…
In 1984, Wim Ruitenburg published a surprising result about periodic sequences in intuitionistic propositional calculus (IPC). The property established by Ruitenburg naturally generalizes local finiteness; recall that intuitionistic logic…
The non-commutative Central Limit Theorem (CLT) introduced by Speicher in 1992 states that given almost any sequence of non-commutative random variables that commute or anti-commute pair-wise, the *-moments of the normalized partial sum…
We develop the theory of Diophantine approximation for systems of simultaneously small linear forms, which coefficients are drawn from any given analytic non-degenerate manifolds. This setup originates from a problem of Sprind\v{z}uk from…
Recently Guth and Katz \cite{GK2} invented, as a step in their nearly complete solution of Erd\H{o}s's distinct distances problem, a new method for partitioning finite point sets in $\R^d$, based on the Stone--Tukey polynomial ham-sandwich…
This report presents a formalization of May's theorem in the proof assistant Coq. It describes how the theorem statement is first translated into Coq definitions, and how it is subsequently proved. Various aspects of the proof and related…
We show that braided Cherednik algebras introduced by the first two authors are cocycle twists of rational Cherednik algebras of the imprimitive complex reflection groups $G(m,p,n)$, when $m$ is even. This gives a new construction of mystic…